Ketones, capitalization examples

Editing-defective aaRSs can also be capitalized on for global misincorporation of amino acids. For example, LeuRS has been used to incorporate oxonorvaline, a ketone-containing amino acid. These ketone groups, which are not found naturally in... 

Chemoselectivity, for example, the differentiation between a ketone and an aldehyde, can in favorable cases be realized by capitalizing on the inherent reactivity of a specific functional group environment. Consider the conversion of 11 to 12 (Scheme 7.18). Traditionally, one tends to apply two short-term protecting groups to achieve the selective reduction of the keto function. 

Given the definitions of the four kinds of attachment to a carbon site, any reaction at that site may be described as the replacement of one kind of attachment by another. Thus a reaction at a single carbon site may be symbolized by a pair of the capital letters (77, R, H, Z), the first indicating the attachment formed in the reaction and the second the attachment removed. For example, HZ is a replacement of a heteroatom by hydrogen, i. e. a reduction of halide, ketone etc. It is trivially easy to extend this notation to reactions that occur at more than one carbon site. For example, an aldol-type reaction is described as RH.RZ, and a Michael addition as RH.R77,H77 in an obvious notation. 

---