Kaldo process

Boliden (2) A lead extraction process in which a sulfide ore, mixed with coke, is smelted in an electric furnace, air jets forming vortices between the electrodes. Discontinued in 1988 in favor of the Kaldo process, using a rotating furnace. 

Kainite, 5 785t 20 626-627 Kaldo process, 14 742-743 Kaldo rotating converter, 16 151 Kalina cycle, 12 532 Kallikrein, 4 86-87 K photon, 26 432 Kalrez, 7 641 Kaluszite, 5 785t... 

Boliden s Kaldo process of, 14 742-743 Isasmelt process of, 14 743-745 Kivcet process of, 14 739-740 Outokumpu process of, 14 745 QSL process of, 14 740-742 Lead stabilizers, for PVC polymers, 25 671 Lead storage battery, 14 783. See also Lead-acid batteries Lead-calcium alloy batteries... 

Several variations of the oxygen steelmaking process have been developed. They include bottom-blown converters (e.g., the OBM process, the Q-BOP process and the LSW process) and the top-blown converters (e.g., the LD process, its variant the LD-AC process, the Kaldo process and the Oberhausen process) [27.3,27.8]. 

Kaki. An opaque stoneware glaze, in which a surface layer of iron oxide crystal produces a reddish brown colour. Kaldo Process. A process for the production of steel by the oxygenblowing of molten iron in a rotating, slightly inclined vessel the latter is usually lined with tarred-dolomite refractories. The name is derived from the first letters of the name of the inventor, Professor Railing, and of the Domnarvet Steelworks, Sweden, where the process was first used. 

THE KALDO PROCESS (TOP BLOWN ROTARY CONVERTER - TBRC)... 

This system absorbs SO2 from the variable gas stream into cold water, which is stored and then continuously stripped by heating to 60°C before return to the sea. The system is only practical because of the unlimited supply of cold low-salinity sea water available to the smelter. Alternative processes are available using amine solutions for the absorption of SO2, which can be recovered by steam stripping. However, the inventory cost of the amine reagent can be quite high. In other situations the handling of intermittent gas flow is a major impediment for the Kaldo Process. 

Depending on the smelting process used there can be limits to the acceptable proportion of feed represented by such residues. For the sinter plant-blast furnace combination the input of sulfate residues is commonly limited to around 25 per cent of net new feed. The decomposition of lead sulfate is endothermic and can limit the attainment of peak bed temperatures in the sinter plant, affecting the quality of sinter produced, which is critical to blast furnace performance. This is discussed in detail in Chapter 4. Many of the direct smelting processes covered in Chapter 7 are more able to cope with residue feeds, particularly the Kivcet and Kaldo processes. 

The TBRC is represented by the Kaldo process, developed and operated by Boliden in Sweden and detailed in Chapter 7. This process is suitable for both primary and secondary smelting and can accept whole batteries if required. The Kaldo system at the Ronnskar smelter has adequate facilities for the capture of sulfur and paste desulfurisation is unnecessary. 

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