Kaempferol biological activities

The first chemical constituent was isolated from podophyllin in 1880 and named podophyllotoxin (97). A structure was proposed in 1932 and after some fine-tuning (98) was shown to be the lignan (60). As might be expected, the crude resin contains a variety of chemical types, including the flavonols quercetin and kaempferol (99). Although these other constituents undoubtedly have biological activity, it is the lignans that have received most attention and to which we shall devote the remainder of this section. 

The biological activities of the poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) are due to the content of piperidine alkaloids — coniine (2-propylpiperidine), y-coniceine (2n-propyl-ly-piperidine), conhydrine (2-(l- hydroxypropyl)-piperi-dine), A/-methylc(Miiine (1-methyl-2- propylpiperidine), pseudoconhydrine ((5-hydroxypropyl)-piperidine), conhydrinone ((l-oxo-propyl)-piperidine), W-methylpseudoconhydrine (5-hydroxy-l-methyl-2-propyl-piperidine), and 2-methylpiperidine. The poismiing effect of hemlock supplements by the presence of poly-p-keto acid (2,5,7-tri-oxo-octanoic acid), quercetin, kaempferol, and glycoside dioxymid [4, 12,13, 20, 52, 85, 87]. 

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