K-Bungarotoxin

Mixture of neurotoxins that block the acetylcholine receptors. The /3-bungarotoxin is a pre-synaptic neural toxin, a-bungarotoxin is a postsynaptic neural toxin, and K-bungarotoxin is specific to the neuronal receptors in ganglions. They are obtained from the venom of the banded krait (Bungarus multicinctus). 

Evidence for the Presence of a-Bungarotoxin in Venom-Derived K-Bungarotoxin... 

Acetylcholine nicotinic (LGIC) Na+, K+ and Ca2 + conductance Nicotine, suxamethonium Tubocurarine, a-conotoxins, a-bungarotoxin... 

Paton WDM, Zaimis EJ (1949) The pharmacological actions of polymethylene bistrimethylammo-nium salts. Br J Pharmacol Chemother 4 381 00 Patrick J, Stallcup WB (1977) a-Bungarotoxin binding and cholinergic receptor function on a rat sympathetic nerve line. J Biol Chem 252 8629-8633 Patrick J, Boulter J, Deneris E, Wada K, Wada E, Connolly J, Swanson L, Heinemann S (1989) Structure and function of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors deduced from cDNA clones. Prog Brain Res 79 27-33... 

Based on several years of experience and analyses, some exceptions have been introduced. The Na+/K+ ATPase assay is screened at 3 x 10 M because of a low hit rate. The cutoff for IC50 follow-up has been raised to 40% inhibition for CCKb, GABAa, GABAB(ib), Kainate, Glycine (strychnine-insensitive), N (neuronal alpha bungarotoxin insensitive) and PAF assays. 

Deinhardt K, Berninghausen O, Willison HJ, Hopkins CR, Schiavo G (2006) Tetanus toxin is internalized by a sequential clathrin-dependent mechanism initiated within lipid microdomains and independent of epsinl. J Cell Biol 174 459-71 Dixon RW, Harris JB (1999) Nerve terminal damage by beta-bungarotoxin its clinical significance. Am J Pathol 154 447-55... 

Chin JH, Tse FW, Harris K, Jhamandas JH (2006) Beta-amyloid enhances intracellular ceilcium rises mediated by repeated activation of intracellular ceilcium stores and nicotinic receptors in acutely dissociated rat basal forebrain neurons. Brain Cell Biol 35 173-186 Clarke PB, Schwartz RD, Paul SM, Pert CB, Pert A (1985) Nicotinic binding in rat brain autoradiographic comparison of [3H]acetylcholine [3H]nicotine, and [1251]-alpha-bungarotoxin. J Neurosd 5 1307-1315... 

Berg, D.K., Keyy, R.B., Sagent, P.B., Williamson, P., Hall Z.W. (1972). Binding of a-bungarotoxin to acetycholine receptors in mammalian muscle. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 69 141-7. 

Zhang, Z.W., Coggan, J.S., and Berg, D.K., Synaptic currents generated by neuronal acetylcholine receptors sensitive to a-bungarotoxin. Neuron, 17, 1231, 1996. 

Schmidt, R., and Betz, H. (1989). Crosslinking of -bungarotoxin to Chick Brain Membranes Identification of Subunits of a Putative Voltage-gated K Channel, Biochemistry 28 8346 350. 

Dinger BG, Gonzilez C, "Voshizaki K, Fidone SJ. Alpha-bungarotoxin binding in cat carotid body. Brain Res 1981 205 187-193. 

Chang, C. C., Kawata, Y, Sakiyama, F., and Hayashi, K. (1990). The role of an invariant tryptophan residue in a-bungarotoxin and cobrotoxin. Investigation of active derivatives with the invariant tryptophan replaced by kynurenine. Eur. J. Biochem. 193 567-572. 

Kase, R., Kitagawa, H., Hayashi, K., Tanoue, K., and Inagaki, F. (1989). Neutralizing monoclonal antibody specific for a-bungarotoxin. Preparation and characterization of the antibody, and localization of antigenic region of a-bungarotoxin. FEES Lett. 254 106-110. 

McLane, K. E., Wu, X., and Conti-Tronconi, B. M. (1990). Identification of a brain acetylcholine receptor a subunit able to bind a-bungarotoxin. J. Biol Chem. 265 9816-9824. 

Mebs, D., Narita, K., Iwanaga, S., Samejima, Y, and Lee, C. Y. (1971). Amino acid sequence of a-bungarotoxin from the venom of Bungarus multicinctus. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 44 711-716. 

Ohta, M., Ohta, K., Nishitani, H., and Hayashi, K. (1987). Rrimary structure of a-bungarotoxin Six amino acid residues differ from the previously reported sequence. FEES Lett. 222 79-82. 

Peterson, M., Penner, R., Pierau, F. K., and Dreyer, F. (1986). p-Bungarotoxin inhibits a noninactivating potassium current in guinea pig dorsal root ganglion neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 68 141-145. 

Ruan, K.H., Spurlino, J., Quiocho, F.A. and Atassi, M.Z. (1990) Acetylcholine receptor-a-bungarotoxin interactions Determination of the region-to-region contacts by peptide-peptide interactions and molecular modeling of the receptor cavity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87 6156-6160. 

Kondo, K., Toda, H., Narita, K. and Lee, C. Y. (1982b) Amino acid sequences of three P-bungarotoxins (P3-, P4- and P5-bungarotoxins) from Bungarus multicinctus venom amino acid substitutions in the A o i2 ns. J. Biochem. 1991, 1531-1548. 

---