Juglone bacteria

Allelopathic effects of juglone on nitrifying bacteria. I am unaware of any reports dealing specifically with juglone as an inhibitor of nitrification, but there have been several reports of inhibition of nitrification in grassland and a few reports Indicating inhibition in forest soil. The causal agents in both situations have been... 

To gain more understanding of the European alder decline and because of our concern about the future growth of black walnut planted with nitrogen-fixing species, a study was initiated to measure soil juglone concentration and to estimate the number of Nitrobacter and Nltrosomonas bacteria in a black walnut plantation containing plots of black walnut alone and in mixture with European alder and autumn-olive. 

I am grateful to Drs. Shawky and Mahasin Tadros of Alabama A M University, Normal, AL, for their assistance in determining juglone concentrations and nitrifying bacteria, respectively. 

The biosynthesis of these anthraquinones parallels those of the menoquinones in bacteria and naphtoquinones of plants for example juglone, vitamin K and lawsone. These compounds are also derived from shikimic (or chorismic) and a-ketoglutaric acids via o-succinylbenzoic acid [5,24]. 1,4-Dihydroxy-2-naphtoic acid is the branching point in the biosynthesis of menoquinones, naphtoquinones and anthraquinones [4],... 

Naphthoquinones naturally occurring derivatives of 1,4-naphthoquinone. N. are widely distributed, and over 120 different N. are known in higher plants, bacteria and fungi. Examples of N. from plants are alkan-nin, eleutherin, juglone, lapachol, lawsone, lomatiol plumbagin and shikonin. In the animal kingdom, N. 

TOXIN. A poisonous substance that occurs naturally in animals, bacteria, or plants. Examples include botulinum toxin, ricin, and tbe tri-chothecene mycotoxins. Some toxins can be produced artificially through chemical synthesis. The military relevance of toxins was recognized during World War I, when the U. S. Army Chemical Warfare Service (CWS) conducted research and production of selected toxins at the Catholic University of America. Weapons having toxins as their primary payload are controlled as both chemical weapons (CW) (under the Chemical Weapons Convention [CWC]) and biological weapons (BW) (under the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention [BTWC]). Toxins have also seen use as assassination weapons. See also JUGLONE SAXITOXIN. 

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