Jones Dole expression

Generally, the additives change the structure of water and thus the free energy of the interaction between polymer and water. The additives influence the solution viscosity and are classified into structure making (cosmotropes) and structure breaking (chaotropes). The viscosity r] of an aqueous solution (up to about 0.1 M), relative to the viscosity rjo of water at the same temperature, varies with the additive concentration according to the Jones-Dole expression... 

The fluidity of a liquid, its rate of flow under a pressure gradient, is the reciprocal of its viscosity. The dynamic viscosity of water, jjw, although rather small compared with that of other liquids, is caused by the extensive network of hydrogen bonds existing in it that must be partly broken for the water to flow (Jenkins and Marcus 1995 Marcus 2009a). Ions affect the dynamic viscosity of the solution, n], some electrolytes enhancing it whereas others diminishing it. The effect is described up to fairly concentrated solutions by the Jones-Dole expression (Jones and Dole 1929) ... 

Engel and Hertz (1968) measured the NMR longitudinal relaxation times of the water-proton, Tie, in many aqueous electrolyte solutions mainly at 25 °C and for some salts also at 0 °C. An expression analogous to the Jones-Dole expression for the viscosities, Eq. (2.35), described the results very well ... 

Electrolytes affect the dynamic viscosity of the solution, rj, according to the Jones-Dole expression [( / w ) 1] = + Bca- The A... 

Ionic Effects on the Viscosity Ions affect the dynamic viscosity, rj, of aqueous solutions some electrolytes enhance it (e.g., lithium acetate), whereas others diminish it (e.g., cesium iodide) as demonstrated by Marcus [121]. Up to fairly concentrated solutions, this effect is described by the Jones-Dole expression [122] ... 

Concentration dependence of the viscosity of electrolyte solution has been empirically expressed by the Jones-Dole equation (eq.(l)),where r/ and rjo are the viscosities of solution 77/rjo = 1+aVc+Be (1)... 

Feakins and Lawrence measured the relative viscosities of sodium and potassium chlorides and bromides in NMF from 25 to 45°C and expressed the data by an expanded Jones-Dole equation. The viscosity coefficients, A, and were evaluated. While both and have positive values for every electrolyte studied in NMF, they are much smaller than the corresponding quantities in other organic solvents. The difference between the theoretical and experimental values of may be either positive or negative. 

However, it should be mentioned that specific ion effects were found even several decades before Hofineister. In 1847, Poiseuille was probably the first who noted that some salts increase the viscosity of water, whereas others decrease it. Jones and Dole in 1929, Cox and Wolfenden in 1934, and several other groups further refined the specific ion effect on water viscosity. From these viscosity smdies and in particular the Jones-Dole viscosity B coefficients, the expressions for water-structure maker and water-structure breaker were finally derived. They were first introduced in 1945 by Frank and Evans, who showed the relationship between viscosity and entropy of dilution. There is a third concept introduced by A. Voet [see also Eckfeldt ] the ordering ofions according to their lyotropic numbers. It nicely correlates with ion effects on the swelling... 

Probably the first scientific study on specific salt effects was performed by Jean Luis PoiseuUle in 1847 [1]. He discovered that some salts increase the viscosity of water, whereas others decrease it. In the first half of the twentieth century, the investigations on specific ion effects on viscosity were further refined by Jones and Dole in 1929 [2] and Cox and Wolfenden in 1934 [3], Based on these studies, Frank and Evans [4] proposed the expressions water structure-maker and water-structure breaker, a concept that recently turned out to be slightly misleading, at least for simple 1-1 electrolytes in water. 

---