Japanese chemical groups

Another Japanese research group isolated two riboflavin derivatives from the culture filtrate of Schizophyllum commune and called these natural products Schizo-flavin 1 and 2 The physical and chemical properties of these compounds are... 

In June 1994 and again in May 1995 the Japanese cult group Aum Shinrikyo created much havoc when they released the deadly nerve agent sarin in two Japanese cities. In the first attack in Matsumoto, Japan, sarin vapor was released in a residential area where judges unfriendly to the cult resided. Seven people died as a consequence of this nerve agent exposure, and 500 people were injured. The 1995 attack occurred in the Tokyo subway system. Several coordinated releases of this potentially deadly vapor resulted in more than 5,000 visits to local emergency departments. Fortunately, the vast majority of exposed victims had few if any symptoms and there were only a handful of fatalities (Tucker, 2006 for further discussion, see chapter 19—Biological and Chemical Terrorism A Unique Threat). 

In 1989-90 two Japanese research groups independently isolated a simple, unique P-amino acid having the chemical structure (-)-(l/ ,25)-2-ACPC (5). In the course of antifungal screening, cispentacin was isolated from the culture broth of a Bacillus cereus strain by Oki et al. [2, 27]. In parallel with that investigation, Hashimoto et al. isolated an identical substance... 

In this respect, many U.S. and European chemical companies are actively investing in Japan and other Asian countries. In particular, such big companies like Hoechst, Bayer, BASF, du Pont, ICI and the like have already established substantial business in Japan, amounting to, in terms of group turnover, one hundred and several ten billion Yen, or more than two hundred billion Yen, which may corresponds to the business scale of a medium-sized Japanese chemical company. 

The most conventional investigations on the adsorption of both modifier and substrate looked for the effect of pH on the amount of adsorbed tartrate and MAA [200], The combined use of different techniques such as IR, UV, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron microscopy (EM), and electron diffraction allowed an in-depth study of adsorbed tartrate in the case of Ni catalysts [101], Using these techniques, the general consensus was that under optimized conditions a corrosive modification of the nickel surface occurs and that the tartrate molecule is chemically bonded to Ni via the two carbonyl groups. There were two suggestions as to the exact nature of the modified catalyst Sachtler [195] proposed adsorbed nickel tartrate as chiral active site, whereas Japanese [101] and Russian [201] groups preferred a direct adsorption of the tartrate on modified sites of the Ni surface. 

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