IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology

McNaught, A.D. and A. Wilkinson. 1997. IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology. Oxford Blackwell Scientific Publications. 

IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, Electronic version, http //goldbook.iupac.org (2006), created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata updates compiled by A. Jenkins. doi 10.1351/goldbook. 

The boundaries of trace analysis are described by the definition of trace element in the IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd edition Any element having an average concentration of less than about 100 parts per million atoms and less than 100pg g As analytical techniques have become more sophisticated and detection capabilities have improved, this upper boundary of the definition of trace is now so far away from the capabilities of analysis in a number of fields that new terms such as ultratrace analysis have entered common parlance. There is no agreement, however, on the range of ultratrace analysis, and this term has no rigorous definition. In the literature, the term is used to define the presence of elements at mass fractions less than 10 6 and 10 8 (1 pg g 1 and 0.01 pg g ) ... 

McNaught, A. D. Wilkinson, A. IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. Blackwell Scientific Oxford, 1997. 

IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 1997, 2nd Ed http /www.chemsoc. org / chembytes / goldbook /. 

Refs. [i] McNaught AD, Wilkinson A (1997) IUPAC Compendium of chemical terminology, 2nd edn. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford [ii] SuchaL, Kotrlf ST (1972) Solution equilibria in analytical chemistry. Van No strand Reinhold Company, London [iii] Bor dwell FG (1988) Acc Chem Res 21 456 [iv] Bordwell FG (1988) Acc Chem Res 21 463 [v] Safafik L, Strdnskf Z (1986) Titrimetric analysis in organic solvents. 

Refs. [i] McNaught AD, Wilkinson A (1997) IUPAC compendium of chemical terminology, 2nd edn. Blackwell Science, Oxford... 

Refs. [i] (1997) IUPAC compendium of chemical terminology, 2nd edn. 66 1111 [ii] Pauling L (1960) The nature of the chemical bond, 3rd edn. Cornell University, Ithaca, pp 172-174 [Hi] Planck M (1890) Ann Phys Chem 39 161 [iv] Newman, Thomas-Alyea KE (2004) Electrochemical systems, 3rd edn. Wiley Interscience, Hoboken, pp 286... 

Refs. [i] (1997) IUPAC compendium of chemical terminology, 2nd edn. www.iupac.org/publications/compendium/index.html [ii] HammettLP, Deyrup A] (1932) J Am Chem Soc 54 2721, 4239 [iii] PaulMA, Long FA (1957) Chem Rev 57 1 [iv] Boyd RH (1969) Acidity functions. In Coet-zee ]F, Ritchie CD (eds) Solute-solvent interactions. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 97-218 [v] Rochester CH (1970) Acidity functions. In Organic chemistry, a series of monographs, vol. 17. Academic Press, New York... 

Refs. [i] Buck RP, Lindner E (1994) Pure Appl Chem 66 2531 [ii] IUPAC Compendium of chemical terminology, 2 d edn. (1997)... 

Refs. [i] McNaught AD, Wilkinson A (eds) (1996) IUPAC compendium of chemical terminology (gold book). Blackwell Scientific, Cambridge, p 987 [ii] Bockris JO M, Reddy AKN (2000) Modern electrochemistry, 2nd edn. Springer, Kluwer Acedemic, New York, pp 1808-1810 [iii] Be-senhard JO (1999) Handbook of battery materials. Wiley-VCH, New York, pp 14-15... 

Refs. [i] IUPAC compendium of chemical terminology Nomenclature for transport phenomena in electrolytic systems (PAC, 1981, 53, 1827). Electronic version http //www.iupac.org/goldbook/C01456.pdf [ii] Paunovic M, Schlesinger M (1998) Fundamentals of electrochemical deposition. Wiley, New York... 

IUPAC Compendium of chemical terminology - the Gold book (1997) 2nd edn. http //goldbook.iupac.org/. Cited 15 May 2007... 

IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology 2nd Edition (1997). (1992), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research Triangle Park, NC. 

For terminology and concepts in physical organic chemistry we rely mainly on the Glossary of Terms used in Physical Organic Chemistry (IUPAC, 1983) and the Compendium of Chemical Terminology (IUPAC, 1987 a). 

R. A. Y. Jones and J. F. Bunnett. Nomenclature for organic chemical transformations (lUPAC Recommendations 1989) , PureAppl. Chem. 61, 725-768 (1989). lUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the Gold Book ). Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A.Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1997). XML on-line corrected version http //goldbook.iupac.org (2006-) created by M. Nic, J. Jirat, B. Kosata updates compiled by A. Jenkins. 

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) (2011) Compendium of Chemical Terminology Internet edition. Online corrected version (2006) tertiary structure . http //goldbook.iupac.org/ T06282.html Accessed 30 Oct 2011. 

Smith, J. M., van Ness, H. C., and M. Abbott, Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001. lUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology www.iupac.org/publications/compendium/index.html... 

Gold Locning McNaughl Schmi Compendium of Chemical Terminology IUPAC Recommendations Blackwell Scientific Publications Oxford, 1987. 

---