Isotopes radiogenic stable

According to the model, this isotopic composition was fixed tm years ago (on the separation of the lead minerals from the uranium- and thorium-bearing environment), is unchanged to the present day and is therefore measurable. There are two similar equations for the other two radiogenic stable isotopes of lead. To simplify the manipulation, we can use the following notation ... 

The choice of the normalizing isotope (such as Nd for the Sm- Nd system) is by convention, although many considerations went into the choice. The most important criterion is that the normalizing isotope is stable and non-radiogenic. Other considerations include the mass difference between the radiogenic isotope and the normalizing isotope, and the convenience to make the... 

Isotopes are subdivided into radiogenic and stable isotopes. Radiogenic isotopes (Chapter 6) include those isotopes which decay spontaneously due to their natural radioacdvity and those which are the final daughter products of such a decay scheme. They include the parent-daughter element Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, U—Pb, Th-Pb and K-Ar. They are expressed as rados either in absolute terms Sr/ Sr (e.g.) or relative to a standard (the -notadon) (Table Ul). 

These series include mother radionuclides - radioactive isotope mih the longest half-life T j, intermediate radiogenic and radioactive isotopes and radiogenic stable isotopes. 

Radiogenic stable isotopes form at radioactive decay but do not have radioactive properties ( Pb, Pb, Pb, Ar, He, etc.). Their content is proportionate to the number of their atoms, which emerge at decay of the maternal nuclide. So, the amoimt of radiogenic but not radioactive isotopes, formed during the time t, may be determined from the initial amount of the mother nuclide ... 

Radioactive decay enables a very conditional determination of surface origin water existence duration in the geologic medium. Such estimates are based on measuring either the excess of radiogenic stable isotopes or deficit of radioactive cosmogenic isotopes in water (Kazemi, 2006). 

In the first case radiogenic stable isotopes He or Ar are utilized. Their content is proportionate with the time of water existence in the subsurface. This method is base on equation (2.361). According to it... 

D., Leya, I., and Mezger, K. (2010) Non-nucleosynthetic heterogeneity in non-radiogenic stable Hf isotopes implications for early solar system chronology. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 295, 1-11. 

Paradis, S., Turner, W.A., Coniglio, M., Wilson, N. Nelson, J.L. 2006. Stable and radiogenic isotopic signatures of mineralized Devonian carbonates of the Northern Rocky Mountains and the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. In Hannigan, P.K. (ed) Potential for carbonate-hosted lead-zinc Mississippi Valley-type mineralization in northern Alberta and southern Northwest Territories Geoscience Contributions,... 

Summarizing, each set of radioactive-radiogenic pair+stable isotope gives a non-linear set of three equations per reservoir... 

The fundamental difference between the concentration gradients of stable and radiogenic isotopes can be expressed in terms of the simple equations... 

Carbon has eight isotopes, from A = 9 to A = 16. Natural carbon is composed of the two stable isotopes (0.9889) and (0.0111) and of radiogenic continuously produced in the earth s atmosphere mainly by (n,p) reaction of slow (or thermal ) neutrons with... 

Traditionally, stable and radiogenic isotopes have not been used in routine mineral exploration programs. Use of... 

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