Isotope detector issues

Quantification of aroma compounds using GC and internal reference has long been a problematic issue.81 Detection response factor, peak shape, discrimination phenomenon at the injector port, and, of course, disproportion during sample preparation were more or less unavoidable. Stable isotopes used as internal standards combined with an MS detector have realized reproducible and far more accurate quantification. The major drawback of this method is the tedious process of preparing the isotope-labeled standards. 

The signals recorded are typically those displaying the highest intensities along with minimal isobaric (mass) interferences. Isobaric interferences and methods to reduce these are discussed in Section 5.3.1.3. In some cases, less intense signals may need to be collected to avoid detector saturation issues (see Section 4.2.3.3.2.2) and/or excessive isobaric interferences (see Section 5.1.1.1). When isobaric interferences cannot be removed through the selection of other isotopes and so on, HMR conditions can be implemented. The sputtering conditions used will depend on ... 

In principle. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) per se is an atomic analytical technique, rather than a nuclear one, since it is based on electron transitions outside atomic nucleus. However, XRF is often defined as a nuclear-related technique, as frequently mentioned in many technical documents issued by the International Atomic Energy Agency, mainly because XRF is used where there are radioactive isotopic sources or accelerators, and even in large synchronous radiation facilities. Further, the detection of X-rays almost always needs nuclear radiation detectors, like Si(Li) or other planar detectors. 

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