Isopropyl alcohol, from acetone aldehydes

The Influence of Substituents. The substituents at the groups indicated have a markedly smaller effect on z and t. This is evidence for the orientation of the molecules with their reacting atoms toward the catalyst (Fig. 13), as is required by the theory. The influence is particularly slight in the case of metals. For hydrocarbons (Nos. 1-3), amines (23-29), and alcohols Z — 1 and z3 = 0. From a crisscross examination of the data of Nos. 40-47, it can be seen that in the case of copper not only the values of z2 but also those of a2 are practically the same for ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl alcohols, acet- and propionic aldehydes, and also acetone. This was explained by the author (66) in a treatment of the above-mentioned model from the standpoint of statistical mechanics. It was found that... 

The reduction of aldehydes and ketones is carried out very easily. The carbonyl compound and aluminum isopropoxide, prepared from aluminum and isopropyl alcohol, are heated in boiling isopropyl alcohol solution with provision for slow distillation until no more acetone is formed. The general equation may be represented as follows. 

More elaborate means have been described for removing the acetone by distillation with relatively little isopropyl alcohol. These include various columns such as a Vigreux13 or a modified Widmer column.10 They are to be recommended when the aldehyde or ketone boils Within 50° of isopropyl alcohol, but are unnecessary under other circumstances. A reflux condenser maintained at constant temperature by boiling methanol has been suggested.6 More convenient than this is the simple but effective partial condenser designed by Hahn.49 An easily constructed modification is illustrated in Fig. 3 (adapted from Organic Syntheses).60 The partial condenser is attached directly to the round-bottomed flask, and ethanol is placed in the inner condensing tube. The... 

It does not form, however, an addition-product with ammonia similar to that derived from aldehyde, but complex condensation products. When reduced by nascent hydrogen generated by the action of sodium amalgam on water, addition takes place as indicated above, and isopropyl alcohol is formed, but at the same time a dihydroxy alcohol, which contains six carbon atoms, is produced in appreciable quantities. This substance, called pinacol, is the first member of a series of such alcohols which are formed by the reduction of ketones. The equation for the reaction in the case of acetone is,... 

Iodoform, CHI3, tri-iodomethane, is formed when alcohol and certain other compounds (66) are treated with iodine in the presence of an alkali. It can be prepared by adding iodine to a warm aqueous solution of alcohol or acetone which contains sodium carbonate. The iodoform, which separates as a yellow precipitate, is purified by crystallization from dilute alcohol. It crystallizes in yellow, lustrous, six-sided plates, which melt at 119 , and have a peculiar, very characteristic odor. The reactions by which alcohol is converted into iodoform are analogous to those as the result of which chloroform is obtained from alcohol. The formation of iodoform is often used as a test for ethyl alcohol, but as other substances, such as acetone, isopropyl alcohol, and aldehyde yield iodoform when warmed in alkaline solution with iodine, the test is not reliable unless it is known that the other substances which respond to it are absent. Most of the compounds which yield iodoform when treated in this way contain the group CH3.C linked to oxygen. 

The growth of pressure was accompanied by a significant increase in the yields of isopropyl alcohol, acetone, and organic acids, a decrease in the yields of aldehydes and normal alcohols with a redistribution their abundance in favour propanol, an increase in the yield of COz/ and a decrease in the CO yield. At 20 atm and above, propylene disappeared completely from the products (Table 10.4). 

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