Isopotential line

Fig. U (o) Isopotential curves for the adsorption of He on the (100) face of solid Xe. The interval between the isopotential lines is 1-24 x 10 J. [b) Isopotential curves for the adsorption of He on the (III) face of solid Xe. The interval between the isopotential lines is 1-66 x 10 J. (After...

Figure 7. Top panels Schematic diagram of 3-D cylindrical battery arrays in parallel row (left) and alternating anode/cathode (right) configurations. Middle panels Isopotential lines between cathode (C) and anode (A) for unit battery cells. Bottom panel Current densities (in arbitrary units, a.u.) at the electrode surfaces as a function of the angle 9 (see middle panel for definition of 9). The area of the cathodes and anodes is equal throughout the diagram. (Reprinted with permission from ref 19. Copyright 2003 Elsevier.)...

Figure 3. Electrostatic potential map for the two bare defects and identification of the position of the atoms of the dissociated H2 molecule (H atoms in the Tfi configuration are in dark grey). The sections are in a vertical plane through the H atoms. Consecutive isopotential lines differ by 0.02 a.u. (0.54 V) continuous, dashed and dot-dashed curves refer to positive, negative, arid zero potential, respectively. Lines corresponding to absolute values larger than 0.3 a.u. are riot plotted.

Fig. 51. Electrical field with cascade electrodes. Parallel isopotential lines, except in the upper segment near the central buffer feed.

Current lines are perpendicular to isopotential lines otherwise known as equipotential lines, which are lines of constant potential in two dimensions or surfaces of constant potential in three dimensions. Current lines do not terminate at insulating surfaces. 

Isopotential lines or surfaces are perpendicular to insulator material surfaces because current cannot flow into the insulator. 

Isopotential lines are parallel to the electrode surfaces for what is known as the primary current distribution (no interfacial electrode polarization, or zero polarization resistance). Said another way, the solution adjacent to an electrode surface is an equipotential surface (1). This primary current distribution applies to the case of extremely fast electrochemical reactions (e.g., nonpolar-izable electrode reactions). This current distribution situation is only of interest to the corrosion engineer in cases where high current densities might be flowing (i.e., in relatively nonpolarizable cells). 

Isopotential lines may vary with electrode position for the secondary and tertiary current and potential distributions, where interfacial polarization of various types is considered. The variation of local true potential across the electrochemical interface with electrode position is of great interest in galvanic corrosion, cathodic protection, etc., since this true potential drives electrochemical reactions. 

FIGURE 1.12 Contour lines (isopotential lines) for around a positively charged sphere with yg — l at xa — 1. Arbitrary scale. 

Fig. 2.6 (Top panel) Schematic diagram of hexagonal 2 1 cathode/anode battery array. (Bottom panel) Isopotential lines between cathode (C) and anode (A) for unit battery cell. Reprinted from [9], with permission from Elsevier...

Figure 1. MNDOC-CI results for carbene (a) state energies including contour map for Tj and isopotential line for Egj = 0 (b) SOC values.

FI G U RE 28.10 The electrostatic potential distribution for the model I of hydrated state of silica surface. The p distribution within the plane perpendicular to the water molecule plane is given in upper left part of the picture. Isopotential lines correspond to p values in kJ/mol. 

FIGURE 28.11 The distribution of electrostatic potential for the model II of silica surface hydrated state. Isopotential lines... 

As the net current source propagates toward the tendon, an extracellular potential field arises and follows the action potential complex. At a given field point, this phenomenon is observed as a temporal potential waveform (Figure 25.4b) however, a more complete picture of the phenomenon is obtained by considering the spatial distribution of potentials in the cross section of the motor unit. Figure 25.5 shows schematically how the concentric isopotential lines of individual fibers overlap with those of other fibers in the same motor unit. In a typical healthy motor unit (Figure 14.5a), the mean interfiber distance... 

Figure 36 On the left Structure of ice XI On the right Electrostatic potential at the (001) surface of ice XL Consecutive isodensity lines differ by 0.01 a.u. continuous, dashed, and dot-dashed curves correspond to positive, negative, and zero potential, respectively. Isopotential lines corresponding to potential values larger than 0.2 a.u. in module are not plotted.

Fig. 2. The effect of oxidation state on the electrostatic potential field surrounding spinach PC. The parameters used to calculate the electric field were protein/solvent dielectric constants = 2/80 solvent ionic strength = 150 mM Stern layer = 2 A. Isopotential lines are shown for kT/e of 4.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, -0.25, -0.5, -1.0, -2.0, -4.0. a) Oxidized PC b) Reduced PC c) Oxidized - reduced PC (Ionic strength = 30 mM).

Figure 6.14 Calculated isopotential lines at the entrance to a membrane pore of diameter 0.1 pm. (a) 10 M solution,...

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