Ionothermal reaction

Reproduced from ref. 33 with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry. 

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It is also possible to carry out reactions in ionic liquids at temperatures much higher than the melting point of the IL. Called ionothermal reactions, these differ from hydrothermal and solvothermal reactions in that they may be carried out at atmospheric pressure, due to the low vapor pressures of ionic liquids. Ionothermal reactions have led to novel materials containing cations with unusual coordination numbers (e.g., four-, five-, and six-coordinate aluminum) and morphologies. 

Wang W, Ren H, Sun F et al (2012) Synthesis of porous aromatic framework with tuning porosity via ionothermal reaction. Dalton Trans 41 3933-3936... 

Ionic liquids are known for their nonvolatile, nonflammable, and thermally stable properties. These properties make the reactions in open reactor possible. The term "ionothermal" has been used to describe reactions that are conducted in ionic liquids at high temperature with ambient pressures. As a result, ionothermal reactions avoid high pressure of hydrothermal or solvothermal reactions and eliminate safety problems related to high pressure (Taubert Li 2007). Cooper, et al. have demonstrated that imidazolium-based... 

The synthesis is performed under ionothermal conditions and was elaborated by Kuhn et al. In this process, anhydrous ZnCla is mixed and heated in a sealed Pyrex ampoule for 48 h at 400 C. The product obtained from the reaction is stirred for 24 h in 1 M HCl and cleaned with water and THF several times. Three aromatic nitrile groups are trimerized to form a C3N3 ring by the eatalytic action of ZnCla. This ring and tetraphenylmethane form a covalently conneeted open organie framework. This reaction, when followed by FTIR, demonstrates the eompletion of the trimerization reaction as denoted by the loss of intensity of the C=N vibration at 2234 em (PAF-2 Figure 3.11). ... 

In another work, ultrathin BiOCl nanoflakes, nanoplate arrays, and curved nanoplates were successfully synthesized via an ionothermal synthetic route by using CjjMelmCl as all-in-one solvent, by simply adjusting reaction temperature [27]. 

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