Ionic bond anionic state

Plutonium cations in whatever oxidation state can be described as hard acids and interact with anionic species by ionic bonding. As a result certain generalizations can be made about the relative complexing tendencies of the different oxidation states. 

Fig. 2-30. Surface dangling states and surface ion-induced states (a) surface dangling donor (DL-B) and acceptor (DL-AB) leveb on covalent bonding semiconductors, (b) surface cation-induced acceptor (SCL) and surface anion-induced donor (SAL) levels on ionic bonding semiconductors.

The ratio R defined by Equation (27) lies between zero and unity. We classify localized states as anionic or cationic according to whether R is greater or smaller than An electron in an anionic state is concentrated more on the foreign atom than on the crystal for a cationic state the reverse is true. The occurrence of anionic and cationic localized states is shown in Fig. 7. This is a superposition of Figs. 2 and 6 with the extra information on the ionic character of the states. Alower energy if (P states are bonding (/3 < 0). 

Fig. 19. Minimum set of VB structures needed to describe the ground state Eg+ of the Li2 system. As for anionic clusters already shown, a line represents a covalent bond and two dots around the same centre represent two electrons with paired spins near the same atom, as in an ionic bond, but in this case occupying different orbitals.

Although molecules are held together by bonds that are predominantly covalent, many substances are made up of ions that are arranged in a crystal lattice. These materials are held together in the solid state by forces that are essentially electrostatic in character. In some cases, the forces arise from the transfer of electrons between atoms to produce ionic materials. However, in most cases the ions are somewhat polarizable (especially anions), so the ions have distorted structures that represent some degree of electron sharing. As a result, many of the forces in crystals that are normally considered to be ionic may be appreciably less than completely ionic. This fact should be kept in mind as the principles of ionic bonding are discussed. 

For an ionic solid whose electronic band gap is so great that no mobile electrons and holes are available, the corrosion occurs through the transfer of cations and anions from the ionic bonding state into the state of hydrated ions in aqueous solution. Let us suppose an ionic solid, MO, consisting of cation M2+ and anion O2. The ionic transfer occurs across the solid-aqua-solution interface ... 

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