Invertebrates hypoxia

Grieshaber M, Hardewig I, Kreutzer U, Pcirtner H-0 (1994) Physiologial and metabolic responses to hypoxia in invertebrates. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 125 43-147... 

The ability to maintain 02 homeostasis is essential to the survival of all invertebrate and vertebrate species. It is appreciated that all nucleated cells in the human body sense 02 availability (hypoxia) that is either acute or chronic in duration... 

Figure 4 Progressive changes in fish and invertebrate fauna as oxygen concentration decreases from 2mgl to anoxia. From Rabalais NN, Harper DE, Jr., and Tuner RE (2001) Responses of nekton and demersal and benthic fauna to decreasing oxygen concentrations. In Rabalais NN and Turner RE (eds.) Coastal and Estuarine Studies 58 Coastal Hypoxia Consequences for Living Resources and Ecosystems, pp. 115-128. Washington, DC American Geophysical Union.

While the response to O2 deprivation over a short (e.g., minutes), acute period is characterized mostly by ionie homeostatie alterations, as detailed above, the response to longer-term (e.g., hours, days, months) hypoxia is manifested by alterations in gene expression, protein levels, and a variety of other changes inside and outside cells. Gene transeription and translation of both plasma and mitochondrial membrane proteins in vertebrates and invertebrates have been studied in our laboratory and others. Below are a few examples that illustrate the idea that a number of proteins change their expression and that these have a major impact on excitabflity and metabolism in nerve eells. These ehanges do not take place except after hours and days of O2 deprivation. 

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