Inverse polarography

Heeb, R. Inverse Polarographie und Voltammetrie. Weinheim/Bergstrafie Verlag Chemie 1969. 

In der angloamerikanischen Literatur als stripping -Technik bezeichnet. Der Ausdruck, inverse Polarographie" wurde schon mehrfach in der Literatur benutzt. Er geht vermutlich auf Hickling u.a. (131) zuriick. 

Hickling, A., J. Maxwell and J.V. Shennan Inverse Polarography with Stationary Amalgam Electrodes. I. Basic Principles and Technique. Anal. Chim. Acta 14, 287 (1956). 

Inverse Polarographie und Voltammetrie. — Neuere Verfahren zur Spuren-... 

R. Neeb, Inverse Polarographie and Voltamme-trie, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1969. 

Stromberg AG, Karbainov YA, Slechenko GB (1991) Zh Anal Khim 46 620 Strombei AG (1962) Izv Sib Otd AN SSSR (Izv SO AN SSSR) 5 76-80 Neeb R (1969) Inverse Polarographie xmd Voltammetrie. Neuere Verfahren zur Spuienanalyse. Verlag Cheniie, Weinheim... 

Neeb R (1969) Inverse polarography and voltammetry (in German). Verlag Chemie, Weinheim... 

The slope of this straight line is 16.91 x n V-1 at 25 °C. However, it is more common to use the inverse function E = Ei/2 + 2.303 x (RT/nF) log [(fi, - I) /I], with the slope 0.059/nV. Both functions are called the logarithmic analysis of DC polarogram. They both cross the potential axis at the half-wave potential, which corresponds to I = Ii/2. The main characteristic of fast and reversible electrode reactions is that the half-wave potential is independent of the drop life-time in DC polarography, or the rotation rate of the rotating disk electrode, or the radius of microelectrode. If this condition is satisfied, the slope of the logarithmic analysis indicates the number of electrons in the electrode reaction. 

AuBer den voltammetrischen Verfahren mit linear veranderlicher Gleichspannung kamen als inverse Verfahren bisher vor allem die square-wave-Polarographie und die Oszillopolarographie zur Anwen-... 

Electrochemical methods are preferred for aqueous solutions, such as polarogra-phy, differential pulse polarography, pulse voltammetry, and pulse inverse voltammetry. The anodic (ASV) and cationic (CSV) stripping voltammetry are at present the most sensitive analytical methods for copper determination with a detection limit of 5 ng (Donat et al. 1994). 

Electrochemical methods continue to be important as well, including inverse voltammetry, coulometry. amperometry, and potentiometry (- Analytical Voltammetry and Polarography) indeed, their overall role has actually been expanded with the development of such chemical techniques as ion chromatography and chelate HPLC. 

About the Terms Inverse Voltammetry Amalgam Polarography with Preconcentration Thin-Film Polarography with Preconcentration, and Stripping Voltammetry ... 

Fourier transform voltammetry — Analysis of any AC or transient response using (fast) Fourier transformation (FFT) and inverse (fast) Fourier transformation (IFFT) to convert time domain data to the frequency domain data and then (often) back to time domain data but separated into DC and individual frequency components [i-ii]. See also Fourier transformation, AC voltammetry, AC polarography. 

This is the Ilkovic equation, which was developed by solving the diffusion equations directly very early in the history of polarography. It shows that the diffusion current varies with (Obviously the maximum current will depend on r/, where is the duration of drop life.) It also shows that the current depends on the rate of flow of mercury. However, the quantity m is not very easily determined, although it can be measured if needed. The parameter that can be measured easily is the height of the surface of the mercury in the reservoir (Fig. 12) above the tip of the capillary, h, Poiseuille s equation states that m is proportional to h and that is inversely proportional to h. Thus // is proportional to h. Thus, in order to determine whether a current measured with the d.m.e. is diffusion controlled, all that is necessary is to check whether I is proportional to both and The current actually measured and reported in polarography is not the instantaneous one but an average current... 

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