Intrinsic properties, liquid electrolytes

We consider a micro- or nanochannel having a uniform cross-section as shown in Fig. la. When the channel is in contact with an electrolyte, its surface is charged with usually negative ions. The counter-ions in the liquid are then attracted onto the surface while the co-ions are repelled away from the wall. The thin layer near the surface where the counter-ions are thus highly concentrated is called the electric double layer (EDL). The amount of accumulation of the counter-ions in the EDL is determined in such a way that the electric potential difference induced between the wall surface and the bulk equals the zeta potential, which is an intrinsic property of the interface. When an external electric field is applied along the channel, it exerts the Coulomb force to the ions thereby driving the fluid flow. This kind of fluid motion is called electroosmo-sis (e. g. [1]), the working principle of the electroosmotic purrq). 

We have already referred to the Mo/Ru/S Chevrel phases and related catalysts which have long been under investigation for their oxygen reduction properties. Reeve et al. [19] evaluated the methanol tolerance, along with oxygen reduction activity, of a range of transition metal sulfide electrocatalysts, in a liquid-feed solid-polymer-electrolyte DMFC. The catalysts were prepared in high surface area by direct synthesis onto various surface-functionalized carbon blacks. The intrinsic... 

Nematic liquid crystals are weak electrolytes containing a certain amount of ions. The ions may be intrinsic or created by an external electric field, which favors the dissociation of neutral molecules (chemical degradation). They may also appear as a result of electrochemical reactions at electrodes due to the injection of additional charge carriers. In some cases, the appearance of EHD instabilities in the nematic phase does not correlate with such inherent liquid crystalline properties as dielectric a or conductivity physical reason for these instabilities might be a nonuniform ion distribution along the direction z parallel to electric field. 

Ionic liquids have attracted a lot of interest as potential alternatives to conventional carbonate electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries. Major advantages of ILs are due to their intrinsic physical properties, such as low vapor pressure, non-flammability, high ionic conductivity and unlimited combinations of cations and anions. Zhang and co-workers ... 

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