Intrinsic failure energy

Several papers by Kendall treated the subject of adhesion rather explicitly with simple models of mechanics. Andrews and Kinloch attempted to separate "adhesion" and "adhesive joint strength" and established that the intrinsic failure energy is close to the work of adhesion when pure interfacial failure occurs. Kloubek attributed the interaction of polar forces to the contribution of the work of adhesion. The effect of surface energetics and wetting on adhesion has been summarized by Kaelble, Mittal, and Zisman . ... 

The intrinsic failure of the Foldy-Wouthuysen protocol is therefore without doubt related to the ill-defined 1/c expansion of the kinetic term Ep, which does not bear any reference to the external potential V. However, in the literature the ill-defined behavior of the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation has sometimes erroneously been attributed to the singular behavior of the Coulomb potential near the nucleus, and even the existence of the correct nonrelativistic limit of the Foldy-Wouthuysen Hamiltonian is sometimes the subject of dispute. Because of Eqs. (11.82) and (11.83) and the analysis given above, the nonrelativistic limit c —> oo, i.e., X —> 0 is obviously well defined, and for positive-energy solutions given by the Schrodinger Hamiltonian /nr = / 2me + V. 

Computed cis-trans energy differences should be less influenced by the intrinsic failures of the Hartree Fock approximation. In table 1 we compare energies of all-trans, cis-transoid, and trans-cisoid polyacetylenes. In agreement with the experimental results... 

Both of the current models for the central mode scattering contain the implicit assumption of cubic symmetry above Tm. Possibly because of the dramatic nature of the soft-mode behaviour and a ready understanding of the structural transformation in terms of it, there was a strong incentive to establish a link between it and the central mode scattering. A consistent difficulty with this approach is the failure to establish an intrinsic line-width for the central mode peak and the unspecified nature of the mechanism responsibly for a low-frequency resonance in the energy of the soft mode. ... 

Intrinsic breakdown is explained as follows. When the field is applied the small number of electrons in thermal equilibrium in the conduction band gain kinetic energy. This energy may be sufficient to ionize constituent ions, thus increasing the number of electrons participating in the process. The result may be an electron avalanche and complete failure. Intrinsic breakdown strengths are typically of the order of 100 M V m 1. 

A similar observation could be made for the adhesive energy. The adhesive energy must be intrinsically constant, independent of any experimental parameters, as seen in the case of PDMS10. However, results for PDMS3 showed a small variation and those for HR showed a large variation. This is, of course, due to the failure of JKR analysis, but we suspect that these variations contain fruitful information about nanometer-scale rheological phenomena. 

---