Intra-industry trade

In addition, Binswanger and Ruttan (1978, p. 69) note that countries that are willing to close a technical gap often transfers technology from developed countries, that is shaped by factor price relationships in the developed countries, and experience factorsaving biases that overcompensate any simple price effects. 

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Brander, 1,1981. Intra-industry trade in identical commodities. Journal of International Economics 11,1-14. 

There is a well-developed and sophisticated network of trade in lead-acid batteries. This reflects both international imbalances in battery production and requirements (for original equipment and replacement units) and a high degree of intra-industry trade, based on a product differentiated by brand name, technology and performance. Trade is principally in SLI batteries, but both traction and stationary batteries are also involved, to a lesser extent. 

Grubel, Herbert G., Peter J. Lloyd, 1975, Intra-Industry Trade The Theory and Measurement of International Trade in Differentiated Products, London Macmillan. 

Intra-Regional Trade. Unfortunately, China s thirst for chemical inputs does not necessarily mean that China will become an attractive export destination for Europe. For commodity chemicals producers in particular, whose logistics costs such as freight and tariffs can often account for up to 30% of total costs [9], the global chemicals industry has a distinctly regional character. Even between the world s three main manufacturing regions (USA, Europe, and Japan) only limited trade flows take place relative to overall output. 

It is of course of interest to determine which of the methods of quantitation provides the most accurate and precise quantitative data. It is equally important to consider the constant trade-off for precision and sensitivity. At very low concentrations, precision often becomes limited by extraneous factors, such as wall effects. In such cases, high-precision measurements are becoming virtually unobtainable. In analogy to the Quantitative Ingredient Declarations (QUID) in food analysis, which require statements as to the uncertainty of the measurement and the variability of the results (sampling ), also for industrial polymer analysis intra- and interlaboratory variation and the meaning of average analytical results needs to be established. It is the responsibility of the analyst to adequately describe the instrumentation and performance to duplicate the repeatability and accuracy of the developed method. 

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