Interstitial air sampling

Air pollutants, transport, 4 Air sampling—See Interstitial air sampling Aldehydes, determination in atmospheric samples, 299 Allegheny Mountain acid deposition and atmospheric chemistry, 28-36 deposition budgets for sulfate and nitrate, 33... 

The focus of the review includes techniques for clear air gases and aerosols, species in cloud liquid water, ice matrices and precipitation, as well as sampling techniques for gases and aerosols in cloud interstitial air. 

An alternative interference removal step was developed by Ledo de Medina et al. who developed an IC method for phosphate in natural waters in the presence of high concentration of sulphates. This interference was avoided by first precipitating sulphate as lead sulphate prior to 1C analysis. Samples with high iron content were investigated by Simon. Interferences caused by the precipitation of iron hydroxides from air oxidation of ferrous iron in anoxic water samples and from the alkaline eluent used in IC, were found to affect the determination of phosphate and other inorganic anions in riverine sediment interstitial water samples with high concentrations of dissolved iron (0.5 to 2.0 mmol/1). To eliminate this interference the complexation of iron with cyanide was used prior to IC analysis. ... 

Polycrystalline oxide materials, both undoped and doped, have been extensively examined for use as photoanodes. Ti02 electrodes have been prepared by thermal oxidation of a Ti plate in an electric furnace in air at 300-800°C (15-60 min) and in a flame at 1300°C (20 min) [27-30]. XRD analysis of thermally oxidized samples indicates the formation of metallic sub-oxide interstitial compounds, i.e. TiOo+x (x < 0.33) or Ti20i y (0 < y < 0.33) and Ti30 together with rutile Ti02 [27]. The characteristic reflection of metallic titanium decreases in intensity after prolonged oxidation (60 min) at 800° C indicating the presence of a fairly thick oxide layer (10-15 pm). Oxidation at 900°C leads to poor adhesion of the oxide film... 

Interstitial water from sediment sampled at the mouth of the Menominee River near Marinette, WI, was also analyzed for each arsenic species. The water was contaminated with arsenic MMAA and had considerable air exposure. The results of this analysis are presented in Table 19. 

The hydrotalcites were characterized by XRD recorded on a Phillips PW 1051 diffractometer using CuKa radiation. The surface areas of the samples were determined by BET method on a high vacuum system made of glass. DTA patterns taken on a Leeds and Northup DTA unit up to 600°C in air gave two characteristic endotherms which have been reported previously [12,13] that below 200 C, only the interstitial water is lost and on further heating to 450-500 C, dehydroxylation is complete and carbonate is lost as CO2. 

Each of these methods samples only cells and soluble inflammatory products in the airspaces. Cells in the vascular and interstitial compartments are not recoverable, and there has been debate about whether adherence characteristics of air space cells modify cellular recovery. Neither method is likely to recover proteins that precipitate in the airspaces, and neither can sample precisely inflammatory products such as chemokines that bind to glycosaminoglycans and other structures in the lungs. Nevertheless, the measurements of cell populations and inflammatory products in BAL and edema fluid provide an estimate of the amounts that are actually present in the air space compartment of the lungs. The inability to accurately sample the total concentrations of specific inflammatory products in the lungs may account for some of the variability seen in clinical studies, and some of the difficulties that have been encountered in correlating BAL and edema fluid findings with clinical variables. 

Fig. 5.32 Dislocation substructure in 9.4 mol% Y203-stabilized Z1O2 sample deformed along (112) by 001 (110) slip to iil4 % strain at 1400 °C in air, shown as stereo parr with 6 = 17°, using b = 220 in [00 1] zone. Loops Ly and L are of vacancy and interstitial character, respectively. Dislocation reaction at node N gives rise to dislocation segments with different Burgers vectors (Si, S2 and S3) [6]. With kind permission of John Wiley and Sons...

---