Interpreting characters

Since computers have been around they have been used to store text, but as computers only operate in ones and zeros, text can not be represented directly. Rather a character encoding scheme is used which maps internal computer numbers to characters. So long as the same convention 

Ever since computers have been around they have been used to store text, but as computers operate only in ones and zeros, text cannot be represented directly. Rather a character-encoding scheme is used, which maps internal computer niunbers onto characters. So long as the same convention is maintained by the readers and writers, chunks of memory can be used to represent encoded text. The issue for a TTS system is to identify the character encoding being used and process it appropriately. Partly due to the sheer diversity of the world s writing systems and partly due to historical issues in the development of character-encoding schemes, there are several ways in which characters can be encoded. 

One of the earliest and most common encodings was ASCII (the American Standard Code for Information Interchange), which gave a character value to the first 127 values in an 8-bit byte of memory (the final bit was left unused). Ascii is of course a standard that was developed in the USA, which could represeut only the 26 characters of the standard English alphabet. Most of the world s languages of course require different characters and so ascii alone will not suffice to encode these. Extensions were developed primarily for use with other European characters, often by making use of the undefined eighth bit in ascii. 

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First, the image of the character is extracted from the page bitmap. This process also attempts to detect and separate touching characters. Extracted patterns are subjected to size normalization and sent to a single-font OCR process. The OCR function uses feature-based software as referenced in Itoh and Takahashi (1990) to interpret character images. 

You re not finished yet. There s yet another mode of operation within Ultrafont +, the multicolor mode. In multicolor mode, any character can contain up to four colors (one has to be used for the background) simultaneously. Multicolor changes the way the computer interprets character patterns. Instead of a one bit representing a solid pixel and a zero representing a blank, the eight bits are organized as four pairs of bits. Each pair can represent four possibilities 00, 01, 10, and 11. Each pair is also a number in decimal from 0 to 3, and represents one of the four colors. 

However, not all shifts in a fluorescence map can be explained so satisfactorily, which makes clear the limitations of the spectra subtraction method. A general drawback of spectra subtraction, applied in this context, is its qualitative, interpretative character at best. Hence, an improved spectra interpretation method would aim at deconvoluting fluorescence data such that they may be used for quantitative monitoring of system performance, thereby utilizing as much information as possible from the fluorescence maps. 

The preliminary observations underline the manufacturer s responsibilities. He is obliged to analyse the hazards in order to identify those which apply to his equipment. He must design, manufacture and check his equipment to ensure its safety even with respect to their use under reasonably foreseeable conditions. In addition, the manufacturer must interpret and apply the essential requirements in such a way as to take account of the state-of-the-art at the time of design. That latter requirement underlines the evolutive character of the essential requirements which is inherent in the new approach. 

The situation in singlet A electronic states of triatomic molecules with linear equilibrium geometry is presented in Figme 2. This vibronic structure can be interpreted in a completely analogous way as above for n species. Note that in A electronic states there is a single unique level for K =, but for each other K 0 series there are two levels with a unique character. 

A mapping is said to be symplectic or canonical if it preserves the differential form dp A dq which defines the symplectic structure in the phase space. Differential forms provide a geometric interpretation of symplectic-ness in terms of conservation of areas which follows from Liouville s theorem [14]. In one-degree-of-freedom example symplecticness is the preservation of oriented area. An example is the harmonic oscillator where the t-flow is just a rigid rotation and the area is preserved. The area-preserving character of the solution operator holds only for Hamiltonian systems. In more then one-degree-of-freedom examples the preservation of area is symplecticness rather than preservation of volume [5]. 

Several early interpretations of the polymerization mechanism have been proposed (1,17,29—31). Because of the complexity of this polymerization and insoluble character of the products, key intermediates have not ordinarily been isolated, nor have the products been characterized. Later work, however, on the resinification of furfural (32,33) has provided a new insight on the polymerization mechanism, particularly with respect to thermal reaction at 100—250°C in the absence of air. Based on the isolation and characterization of two intermediate products (9) and (10), stmcture (11) was proposed for the final resin. This work also explains the color produced during resinification, which always is a characteristic of the final polymer (33). The resinification chemistry is discussed in a recent review (5). 

Absorption of x-rays by a powdered sample of soHd fat has been a useful method for determination of polymorphic character as discussed eadier. The a, and P forms may be distinguished however, interpretation is made more difficult because subsets of the P and P forms have often been encountered. Also, a fat may contain mixtures of polymorphic forms and properties may therefore be difficult to relate to the spectra. 

The role of IR spectroscopy in the early penicillin structure studies has been described (B-49MI51103) and the results of more recent work have been summarized (B-72MI51101). The most noteworthy aspect of a penicillin IR spectrum is the stretching frequency of the /3-lactam carbonyl, which comes at approximately 1780 cm" This is in contrast to a linear tertiary amide which absorbs at approximately 1650 cm and a /3-lactam which is not fused to another ring (e.g. benzyldethiopenicillin), which absorbs at approximately 1740 cm (the exact absorption frequency will, of course, depend upon the specific compound and technique of spectrum determination). The /3-lactam carbonyl absorptions of penicillin sulfoxides and sulfones occur at approximately 1805 and 1810 cm respectively. The high absorption frequency of the penicillin /3-lactam carbonyl is interpreted in terms of the increased double bond character of that bond as a consequence of decreased amide resonance, as discussed in the X-ray crystallographic section. Other aspects of the penicillin IR spectrum, e.g. the side chain amide absorptions at approximately 1680 and 1510 cm and the carboxylate absorption at approximately 1610 cm are as expected. 

Encodes up to 810,900 different character sets and/or interpretations, plus 256 international characters and biuaiy data. 

QRA is fundamentally different from many other chemical engineering activities (e.g., chemistry, heat transfer, reaction kinetics) whose basic property data are theoretically deterministic. For example, the physical properties of a substance for a specific application can often be established experimentally. But some of the basic property data used to calculate risk estimates are probabilistic variables with no fixed values. Some of the key elements of risk, such as the statistically expected frequency of an accident and the statistically expected consequences of exposure to a toxic gas, must be determined using these probabilistic variables. QRA is an approach for estimating the risk of chemical operations using the probabilistic information. And it is a fundamentally different approach from those used in many other engineering activities because interpreting the results of a QRA requires an increased sensitivity to uncertainties that arise primarily from the probabilistic character of the data. 

The SCREEN model uses free format to read the numerical input data, with the exception of the exit velocity/flow rate option. The default choice for this input is stack gas exit velocity, which SCREEN will read as free format. However, if the user precedes the input with the characters VF= in columns 1-3, then SCREEN will interpret the input as flow rate in actual cubic feet per minute (ACFM). Alternatively, if the user inputs the characters VM= in columns 1-3, then SCREEN will interpret the... 

Thus, the Tsai-Wu tensor failure criterion is obviously of more general character than the Tsai-Hill or Hoffman failure criteria. Specific advantages of the Tsai-Wu failure criterion include (1) invariance under rotation or redefinition of coordinates (2) transformation via known tensor-transformation laws (so data interpretation is eased) and (3) symmetry properties similar to those of the stiffnesses and compliances. Accordingly, the mathematical operations with this tensor failure criterion are well-known and relatively straightforward. 

The foregoing investigations which demonstrate the equilibrium character of the primary step in methylation with diazomethane necessitate the additional assumption for Eq. (9) that the complex 1 shows the properties of an oriented ion pair (there is evidence " which can be thus interpreted) and the formation of 1 is reversible. It should be noted that in no stage of the process (including complex 1) is a mesomeric anion formed. A direct methylation is only possible when the compound retains a fixed structure throughout the reaction. 

From the analysis of the DOS combined with the interpretation of the spectral details in FeAl, CoAl and NiAl (Botton et al., 1996a) the features at the edge threshold (71-73 eV) have been shown to arise from d character being introduced at the Al sites by the strong interaction with the TM d bands and thus by the presence of "covalent" character. This interaction causes the... 

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