Interfacial tension early theories

Non-equilibrium liquid films formed in the process of spreading have been considered in some early works, especially in the test of the theory of interfacial tension and the rule of Antonov [204], A review on the rule of Antonov and its interpretation on the basis of isotherms of disjoining pressure in wetting films is presented in [532]. However, these works do not deal with precise measurement of film thickness and the studies confined only the kinetics of spreading and lens formation. 

We have reviewed the theories of polymer-polymer interfaces. We began by presenting the early semiempirical attempts. Then, we discussed in some detail the microscopic theories of polymer interfaces, with emphasis on the theories of Helfand and coworkers as well as on subsequent theories. One should emphasize here the significant influence of the original Helfang-Tagami theory on the field of polymer interfaces. The expression for the interfacial tension in the limit of infinite molecular weights, y = pobk T (40), has been utilized extensively for... 

Early theories of interfacial tensions are based on the extension of the Eowkes equation. These theories are those often cited in classical colloid and surface chemistry textbook literature (e.g. Myers, 1991,... 

Drops of liquids have held researchers interest for many years. As mathematical curiosities for famous early fluid dynamicists, the pendant drop from a capillary provided an interesting and practical challenge. Young (1805) and Laplace (1806) independently developed the theory of surface tension and drop formation while the first analytical solutions to their theory were completed by Gauss in 1830. Much of the early woik on pendant drops involved numerous methods involving the determination of drop volume or shape with experimental techniques and using the available theory to determine surface tension of the liquid-gas interface. These methods are well detailed in the works by Adamson, Padday, and Reed Hah. ITie studies of the early researches developed into the rich and diversified field of interfacial fluid dynamics. The advancement of theory and numerical techniques has steadily increased the ability of researchers to better understand and control interfacial behaviors. 

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