Interaction short-range elastic

The molecular component of the disjoining pressure, IIm(/i), is negative (repulsive). It is caused by the London-van der Waals dispersion forces. The ion-electrostatic component, IIe(/i), is positive (attractive). It arises from overlapping of double layers at the surface of charge-dipole interaction. At last, the structural component, IIs(/i), is also positive (attractive). It arises from the short-range elastic interaction of closed adsorption layers. 

If the backbone as well as the side chains consist of flexible units, the molecular conformation arises out of the competition of the entropic elasticity of the confined side chains and the backbone [ 153 -155]. In this case, coiling of the side chains can occur only at the expense of the stretching of the backbone. In addition to the excluded volume effects, short range enthalpic interactions may become important. This is particularly the case for densely substituted monoden-dron jacketed polymers, where the molecular conformation can be controlled by the optimum assembly of the dendrons [22-26,156]. If the brush contains io-nizable groups, the conformation and flexibility may be additionally affected by Coulomb forces depending on the ionic strength of the solvent [79,80]. 

The material properties of solids are affected by a number of complex factors. In a gas-solid flow, the particles are subjected to adsorption, electrification, various types of deformation (elastic, plastic, elastoplastic, or fracture), thermal conduction and radiation, and stresses induced by gas-solid interactions and solid-solid collisions. In addition, the particles may also be subjected to various field forces such as magnetic, electrostatic, and gravitational forces, as well as short-range forces such as van der Waals forces, which may affect the motion of particles. 

The surface properties of this kind of supramolecular systems are really scarce. An interplay between short - range van der Waals forces, ionic binding, chemical bonding, elastic/plastic compression, and long - range electrostatic interactions and capillary forces between macromolecules and surfaces seems to be responsible for the variety of observed interfacial behaviors. 

In other words, it is assumed here that the particles are surrounded by a isotropic viscous (not viscoelastic) liquid, and is a friction coefficient of the particle in viscous liquid. The second term represents the elastic force due to the nearest Brownian particles along the chain, and the third term is the direct short-ranged interaction (excluded volume effects, see Section 1.5) between all the Brownian particles. The last term represents the random thermal force defined through multiple interparticle interactions. The hydrodynamic interaction and intramolecular friction forces (internal viscosity or kinetic stiffness), which arise when the macromolecular coil is deformed (see Sections 2.2 and 2.4), are omitted here. 

The clarification of the factors of alveolar stability can provide more successful diagnosing and treatment of respiratory disorders. It would be interesting to find the relationship between the parameters describing the stability of bilayers and multilayers (based on short-range molecular interaction in lateral and normal directions) as well as their surface properties (viscosity, elasticity modulus, etc.) given in literature [e.g. 62]. 

If chemical bonding is considered to be too short range to account for possible interactions between CS planes we must look for other interactions which persist over longer distances in the solid. The two which come to mind are electrical interactions, such as electrostatic forces, and physical interactions, such as elastic strain. Both of these are amenable to theoretical analysis, and in the last two years a number of papers concerning these analyses has appeared in the literature. We will summarize the results so far obtained in the Sections below. 

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