Interaction Energies Forces Between Emulsion Droplets and their Combinations

Interaction Energies (Forces) Between Emulsion Droplets and their Combinations 

Generally, there are three main interaction energies (forces) between emulsion droplets, which are discussed below. 

There are three types of van der Waals attraction between atoms or molecules [2, 

3] dipole-dipole (Keesom), dipole-induced dipole (Debye) and dispersion (London) interactions. The most important are the London dispersion interactions, which arise from charge fluctuations. 

Hamaker [2] suggested that the London dispersion interactions between atoms or molecules in macroscopic bodies (such as emulsion droplets) can be added, resulting in a strong van der Waals attraction, particularly at short separations between the droplets. For two droplets with equal radii R, at a separation distance h, the van der Waals attraction Ga is given by the following equation (due to Hamaker), 

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