Intellectual property obviousness

To date, an impressive number of gene mutagenesis methods are available for application in directed evolution 17-20,36,37). However, it is currently not clear how they compare in terms of efficiency and ease of performance. It is also not obvious when and how to apply a given method in a directed evolution project 36-38). The fact that a few of the methods constitute proprietary intellectual property, such as DNA shuffling, poses a different kind of problem for potential users in industry. Some of the most important gene mutagenesis methods are described briefly here (for complete coverage, the reader is referred to recent reviews 17-20,36,37). 

Because there was no university precedent for germplasm compensation to source countries, and because there was no prior agreement governing intellectual property rights, it was not obvious what would be the most appropriate method to recognize and potentially compensate Mali for its germplasm. What was clear to me, however, was that some form of recognition was needed. 

Patents are the most relevant and the most effective means of intellectual property protection. Obviously, the knowledge about relevant patents is of crucial importance for the generic business. The leading... 

The application of organic electrochemistry in industry is not equally broad compared to the number of publications [10]. This is an obvious statement and true for synthesis methods in general. Not every chemical method or reaction gets applied in industry. In addition, it has to be emphasized that it is more than difficult to judge from publications and patents if an electrolysis or generally speaking a reaction is actually applied in industry because of the protection of intellectual property. 

The gap between what we see and how we explain it today is bridged by a very elaborate and abstract invention. That our contemporary chemical theory is a powerful intellectual tool is obvious from the vast evidence of chemical success in our world today. Yet there is no apparent connection between this model and our direct experience of chemical change or of chemical properties. 

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