Integrated systems idealized

Modern Building Automation Systems (BAS) attempt to limit the interfaces used in order to provide a more seamless, integrated network. Ideally, all of the various components communicate with each other in a common language. 

However, such ideal methods are not encountered in the real world. Therefore, it is necessary to combine a number of different methods, each making use of appropriate separation and detection principles, into an integrated system that will be applied according to the analytical objectives (1). For regulatory purposes, this integrated system should include a screening phase, an intermediate phase, and a confirmation phase (2). 

The structure is ideal for integrated systems where the offset between GPS and GLONASS time may only be known approximately initially, but is known to be virtually constant. This offset would then be estimated as a state variable with some initial uncertainty but with very small Q (fc) driving changes. The same would be true for LORAN/GPS time offsets and the concept could be extended to ASPs for individual stations as well. The ASPs would be represented by very slowly varying states to be estimated. If GPS pseudo-ranges became unavailable such as in an urban canyon, mountain valley, or under heavy foHage cover, the LORAN would now be well calibrated. 

Ideally, from the point of view of a smooth development process, requirements should be validated before design implementation commences. However, in practice (particularly for complex and integrated systems), the necessary visibility of the whole set of consequences that flow from the requirements may not be obtainable until the implemented system is available and can be tested in its operational context. In consequence, validation is normally a staged process contributing through the development cycle. At each stage the validation activity provides increasing confidence in the correctness and completeness of the requirements. 

A membrane can be defined as an interphase between two adjacent phases acting as a selective barrier, regulating the transport of substances between the two compartments ([1], p. 2217). Monhrane technologies are widely recognized as advanced separation/concentration processes, which are ideally placed to aid process inten-siflcation [2], thanks to the possibility of exploiting the synergy between different manbrane operations in an integrated system [3]. Membrane processes are now... 

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