Integrated systems economics

Only a small amount of information has been released by Shell about the recovery and recycle of the special P,0 bound Ni catalyst. Obviously, the overall operation of the SHOP plants is economical but one has to keep in mind that the non-homogeneously catalyzed parts of Shell s integrated system of processes use inexpensive, heterogeneous catalysts. It is to be expected that a large part of these catalysts can be disposed off without any recycling - neither of the metal content nor of the supports. 

ECONOMICS. Usually, the prime economic reason for buying an electronic integration system for a chromatography laboratory is to reduce operating costs. These reductions may be realized by both manpower or instrument savings immediately or over a long term. 

However, the integrated system and the single operator arguments presented in this sub-section take the basic idea of natural monopoly from a single pipeline level to the network level. Although the economics of scale may be exempt on the pipeline level, there are economics of scale and scope at the network level that make the network a natural monopoly. This simply means that the total cost is least when the network is operated as a single, integrated unit. 

These heat-integrated systems were economically advantageous because of the large feed flow rate. The last configuration was built. 

TABLE 14.4 Economics of Energy Plantation, Power Plant, and Wastewater Treatment Plant in Integrated System"... 

Technical and economic analyses indicated that since tree production was only about one-half the projected yield, the application of fertilizer was required at an added cost of about 7.2 million/year. The Brazilian government and a consortium of Brazilian companies finally took over ownership and ojjeration of the integrated system (Hoge, 1982). It was concluded that the outlook for the... 

The originality of SCRELEC s program is to integrate all actors of the recycling operations and to drive the system economically in all the steps. 

Phase I (2002) Complete the design of the integrated system and assess the technical and economic feasibility of the design. 

The curves of Fig. 4-6 indicate quite clearly why it is comparat rely safe to make rapid nitrations at relatively high temperatures with spent acid or with nitric acid alone. The nitrating acids with lower heats of dilution and high heat capacity have an added economic advantage because of their lower boiling points. Smaller quantities of heat are, therefore, necessary for removal of the water of nitration in the integrated system. 

In conclusion, the scope of what can be done for the project and engineering organization by advanced computer systems is truly wonderful, but the prudent user needs to treat all such systems critically. Utilize only those which are rigorously specified, tested on real applications (by real project people), not over-ambitious, and manifestly will pay their way in terms of a conservative business plan. There are definite cut-off points in project size and complexity below which it is not economical to operate fully integrated systems. Systems application below this threshold should not be attempted unless there are other non-economic factors such as a client who requires them (usually, for interface into overall plant information management systems). 

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