Insulin exubera

In January 2006, the FDA approved the inhalable insulin Exubera for type I and type II diabetes. Details are presented in Exhibit 4.14. 

Efficacy and safety of inhaled insulin (Exubera) compared with subcutaneous insulin therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004 27 2622-7. 

Odegard PS, Capoccia KL. Inhaled insulin Exubera. Ann Pharmacother 2005 39 843-53. 

Fineberg SE, Kawabata T, Finco-Kent D, Liu C, Krasner A. Antibody response to inhaled insulin in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. An analysis of initial phase II and III inhaled insulin (Exubera) trials and a two year extension trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005 90 3287-94. 

Alternative routes for administering insulin are also being considered.51 In particular, a form of insulin (Exubera) has been developed that can be administered by inhalation or nasal spray, thus precluding the need for subcutaneous injection.88,104 Other modifications of the insulin molecule or use of chemical enhancers can increase the permeability of this hormone so that insulin can be administered through the skin (transcu-taneously) or even via oral or buccal routes.2,35 Technologic and practical advancements in insulin delivery continue to be explored, and methods for administering insulin may be safer and more convenient in the future. 

A.E. Mehta, J.L. Milburn, K.S. Hershon, J.L. Chiasson, and S.R. Levin. 2004. Efficacy and safety of inhaled insulin (exubera) compared with subcutaneous insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes results of a 6-month, randomized, comparative trial. Diabetes Care 27 2356-2362. 

Rosenstock, J., Cappelleri, J. C., Bolinder, B., and Gerber, R. A. (2004), Patient satisfaction and glycemic control after 1 year with inhaled insulin (exubera) in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care, 27,1318-1323. 

Dunn, C., and Curran, M. P. (2006), Inhaled human insulin (exubera) A review of its use in adult patients with diabetes mellitus, Drugs, 66,1013-1032. 

Barnett,A.H.,Dreyer,M.,Lange,P., and Serdarevic-Pehar, M. (2006), An open,randomized, parallel-group study to compare the efficacy and safety profile of inhaled human insulin (exubera) with glibenclamide as adjunctive therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes poorly controlled on metformin, Diabetes Care, 29,1818-1825. 

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