Inorganic-isotope

Sulphur isotopes (32,33,34,36S) fractionate strongly in the earth s crust because (1) the element occurs in different oxidation states with differential preference for heavy isotopes, (2) the existence of volatile and easily soluble compounds favors kinetic separations, and (3) it is involved in biogenic cycles where the oxidation state is easily changed and kinetic processes are important. From theoretical calculations of Bigeleisen (1961) and data on the isotopic properties of sulphur compounds by Sakai (1957, 1968), the amount of S isotope fractionation and its temperature dependence is known. The information on experimental inorganic isotope fractionation in coexisting sulphide minerals which occur naturally was summarized by Thode (1970), who also discussed the application of S isotopes from sulphides for geo thermometry (cf. also Sakai, 1971). Analytical work on all types of sulphur compounds which occur in nature has been reviewed by Nielsen (1973). 

R. H. Herber (Ed.), Inorganic Isotopic Synthesis, Benjamin, New York, 1962... 

Conversely, a fairly large inorganic isotope coupling constant such as 1.8 mT for Ga may suggest an unusual oxidation state (here mononuclear Ga ) [56] in a compound 12 where in fact a regular diamagnetic Ga center binds one radical anion and one dianionic a-diimine ligand [57]. 

Our approach to proxy validation and development is based on complementary steps in exploring the inorganic chemistry, inorganic isotope fractionation and biological controls on proxy relationships in organisms relevant to climate reconstructions. In many cases, the integration of laboratory experiments, field and culmre studies, theoretical considerations and numerical modelling has turned out to be a successful method for this task. 

The analyte isotope in organic IDMS is usually C, H or N. Any of the inorganic isotopes can be used as the analyte isotope in inorganic IDMS. The choice will depend on considerations such as which isotope is available as the enriched isotopic analogue (this is used as the spike isotope) and the detection limit required (which limits the use of lower abundance isotopes). 

A modern nuclear forensic analysis relies heavily on instrumentation. A well-equipped laboratory will have the means for making a variety of inorganic, isotopic, and organic analyses, in addition to having the support of a counting facility for radiation measurements. 

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