Inner transition elements defined

Thus far, we have focused exclusively upon the block metals. For some, the term transition elements defines just these J-block species for others, it includes the rare earth or lanthanoid elements, sometimes called the inner transition elements . In this chapter, we compare the elements with respect to their valence shells. In doing so, we shall underscore concepts which we have already detailed as well as identifying both differences and similarities between certain aspects of main and inner transition-metal chemistry. We make no attempt to review lanthanoid chemistry at large. Instead our point of departure is the most characteristic feature of lanthanoid chemistry the +3 oxidation state. 

Another major classification of the elements in terms of the periodic table is shown in Figure 1.7. Three areas are defined and named the main group elements, the transition elements, and the inner transition elements. The main group elements are the simplest to learn abont, and they will be stndied first. The transition elements inclnde some of the most important elements in onr everyday lives, such as iron, nickel, chrominm, zinc, and copper. The transition elements are often divided into four rows of elements, called the first, second, third, and fourth transition series. The elements of the fourth transition series except for actinium (Ac), and those of the main group elements above 112, are artificial they are not found in nature. The two inner transition series fit into the periodic table in periods 6 and 7, right after lanthanum (La) and actinium (Ac), respectively. The inner transition elements include a few important elements, including uranium and plutonium. The first series of inner transition elements is called the lanthanide series, after lanthanum, the element that precedes... 

Define and illustrate the following terms clearly and concisely (a) representative elements (b) (f-transition elements (c) inner transition elements. 

Note Strictly defined the term transition elements may be d-block or /-block elements. However, it is common to refer to the d-block elements as the transition elements and to use the term inner transition elements for the/-block transition elements. 

Periodic table. Define the following terms related to the periodic table (a) period, (b) group, (c) type formula, (d) representative element, (e) transition element, (f) inner transition element. 

As the matter of fact, 1(a) of empty orbitals can be defined as the sum of the electron affinity and A (a, a). This problem also occurs in X-ray emission involving the loosest bound electrons jumping down in an inner vacancy. As we already discussed after Eq. (7) the last term of Eq. (20) is essentially (r r) of the outer electron being attracted as if (23) the element had the subsequent atomic number (Z -f 1). In metals, the bottom of the partly occupied conduction band tails off toward more negative energies than in the groundstate without inner-shell vacancies (this problem seen from the point of view of the relaxation of the surrounding electron density by photo-ionization of a metal is discussed by Watson and Perlman in this volume) and in compounds, transitions from filled penultimate... 

The transactinide elements are defined simply as those elements with atomic number greater than 103 (Lr), which completes the actinide series with the complete filling of the inner 5f shell. The schematic periodic table of 2004 given in Fig. 16.1 shows the lanthanide (4f) series, the actinide (5f) series, and the transactinides as a 6d transition series that begins with element 104 (rutherfordium, Rf). According to results of atomic relativistic calculations (Pershina and Fricke,... 

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