Inner nuclear layer

A17 Retina inner nuclear layer Light adaptation -... 

Figure 14.1 Schematic diagram of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). The retinal cell layers seen histologically consist of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) photoreceptor outer segments (POS) outer limiting membrane (OLM) outer nuclear layer (ONL) outer plexiform layer (OPL) inner nuclear layer (INL) inner plexiform layer (IPL) ganglion cell layer (GCL) nerve fiber layer (NFL) inner limiting membrane (ILM).

Inner nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Henle fiber layer Photoreceptor outer nuclear layer Photoreceptor inner segment layer... 

Inner nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer... 

Lucas and Newhouse (1957) firstly reported that subcutaneous injection of glutamate in neonatal rodents had toxic effect on the inner retinal layers. Later on, Sisk and Kuwabara (1985) demonstrated the susceptibility of adult retina to the intravitreal injection of glutamate, showing severe degeneration of the ganglion and inner nuclear layers (INLs). 

Dopamine has been recognized to have neuroprotective actions in glaucoma. Retinal dopaminergic cells can be detected by the immunohistochemical staining of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis. It has been observed that NMDA induced RGC toxicity dramatically decreased tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining at the June don betw een the inner nuclear layer and inner plexiform layer in glaucoma (Kitaoka and Kumai, 2004). 

A fully developed retina consists of six neuron types and the Muller glial cells as shown in this schematic representation. A, Amacrine cells B, bipolar cells C, cone photoreceptor cells G, ganglion cells H, horizontal cells I, interplexiform cells M, Muller cells PE, pigment epithelium R, rod photoreceptor cell INL, inner nuclear layer IPL, inner plexiform layer ONL, outer nuclear layer Ph, photoreceptors RPE, RPE (Reproduced with permission from the publishers of Sharma and Ehinger, 2003)... 

In the rat retina, expression of mGluRl mRNA was observed with moderate intensity in the large majority of neurons in the ganglion cell layer, suggesting that both ganglion cells and a subset of amacrine cells expressed mGluRl mRNA moderate expression was also seen in some putative amacrine cells with cell bodies in the inner third of the inner nuclear layer (Hartveit et al., 1995). 

In the retina of the rat, expression of mGluR7 mRNA was reported in the cells of the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer these cells were presumed to be the retinal ganglion cells (Akazawa et al., 1994 Hartveit et al., 1995), or to be the amacrine cells, and bipolar cells (Hartveit et al., 1995). 

Species Outer segments layer Inner segments layer Outer nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Inner plexiform layer Ganglion cell layer Miiller cells... 

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