Innate fears

Furthermore, we also found behaviour differences in our mouse models of S100A1 deficiency. The male S100A1 knockout, mice showed reduced anxiety-like responses and enhanced explorative activities and we concluded that S100A1 plays a role in modulating innate fear and exploration of novel stimuli. 

TRPC5 is a Gq-linked cation channel that is highly expressed in the brain, particularly in the hippocampus and amygdala. Behavioral studies in WT and KO mice have linked TRPC5 to innate fear behavior [79,80]. A recent patent application discloses modulators of the TRPC5 channel, including the diaminotriazine (83). 

The threatening events that cause us to be scared fall into two classes those that are innate (i.e., we are born with them) and those that are learned. We seem to have an innate sense of fear to some situations—that is, we are sometimes scared of things even if we ve never experienced them before or if they have never threatened us in the past. For example, many people are afraid of the dark, even if they have never had a bad experience in the dark. Some scientists believe that we have an innate fear of certain shapes, like the shape of a snake. 

Conditioned fear offers a view of the subtlety of design. Monkeys have no innate fear of snakes or flowers, but life-long fear is conditioned by a single observation of other monkeys expressing fear of snakes. There is no such similar prepared fear of flowers (Mineka et al 1980). 

I have worked for, and with, scientists and inventors for more than half a century. It came to my attention long ago that the greatest impediment to most would-be inventors is to overcome an inertia to avoid the first experiment. When this is combined with an innate fear of failure, many wonderful inventions never come to life. Successes one has had in previous endeavors help in attempting bolder experiments while attenuating the fear of failure. The knowledge that even if experiments fail, one can fall back on previous successes, is comforting. I have known this comfort many times in my career. 

In two-factor theory, hungers and other appetites must be elicited by stimuli that are outside of the person s control. If the theory s other assumptions were true, this tenet would be both possible and necessary. It would be possible because two-factor theory holds appetites to be special kinds of processes that initially depend on innate releasing stimuli but that can come to be elicited by arbitrary cues through pairing alone. It would be necessary in the case of aversive appetites, because, with conventional exponential discounting, there is no other mechanism to make a person generate them. The easiest cure for fear... 

Social conflict is an inevitability in human history, and will be to its very end (Reinhold Niebuhr). Sigmund Freud was more optimistic, and hoped that someday it might be possible to understand the biology of the brain. War could be prevented, people would be smarter, able to control their instincts and be less aggressive. Their actions would be determined by reason and the rule of law, rather than by the innate instincts of fear, terror, and war. 

Fear is a strong and depressed emotional state which individuals or groups felt deeply in danger of real or imagined. It often manifests as nervous, fear, inability to concentrate, mind going blank, and inability to correctly judge or control behavior. Fear is an innate emotional response of all animal including human. Fear is emotional reaction to an expected to be hurt or unpleasant when face stressors, which usually cause avoidance behavior. 

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