Injectable polymers bone cement

Major polymer applications optical fibers, dials, optical components, household items, car rear lights, artificial stones (filled products) for injection molded bath sinks, and kitchen worktops, bone cement, composites, medical applications (e.g. bone cement)... 

PMMA and its derivatives have been used most often in the bone cements used for fixation in orthopedic surgeries. PMMA is an amorphous thermoplastic polymer. It gives excellent optical clarity, weather resistance, surface hardness, good chemical resistance, rigidity, dimensional stability, low mold shrinkage, good impact strength, nontoxicity, and tastelessness. PMMA powders can be injected and... 

Bone cements are, traditionally, injectable systems based on acrylic polymers. They are constituted by a solid and a liquid component that harden after mixing due to the polymerization of acrylic monomers in the liquid. Just some minutes after mixing, the paste attains high viscosity and must then be injected into the bone cavity, where the final stages of polymerization will take place. The solid is in most cases constituted by poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) powder (or a copolymer of MMA with others monomers), benzoyl peroxide (BPO, the initiator of the polymerization), and a radio-opacifier, while the liquid is formed by MMA monomer (in some cases with n-butyl methacrylate, BuMA) and dimethyl-j -toluidine (DMT, the activator of the initiator). 

Poly (fumerates) Biomaterials based on poly(propylene fiunerate) (PPF) have been extensively used for orthopedic application such as injectable bone cement [253]. Unlike PEGDA and pluronics, fiunerate-containing polymers are biodegradable since the ester fink in the polymers can be cleaved hydrolytically. PPF is hydrophobic, and in order to synthesize hydrogels, it has been... 

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