Initiation sequences

Translation of the Foreign Gene. The translation of a mRNA into a protein is governed by the presence of appropriate initiation sequences that specify binding of the mRNA to the ribosome. In addition, not all the codons of the genetic code are used equally frequently by all organisms. 

Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. Nature 2001 409 860-921. 

International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 2001 409 860. (The issue [15 February] consists of articles dedicated to analyses of the human genome.)... 

Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome. Nature 2002 420 520. 

A small number of genes lack a TATA box. In such instances, two additional cis elements, an initiator sequence (Inr) and the so-called downstream promoter element (DPE), direct RNA polymerase II to the promoter and in so doing provide basal transcription starting from the correct site. The Inr element spans the start... 

Parallel ESR measurements did not reveal the accompanying formation of O or Oj which was to be expected if Ce "-V or other one-electron reducing sites initiated sequences known over other oxides [13] viz... 

Characteristic feature a "long-short" initiating sequence, which occurs as a result of a ventricular premature beat followed by a compensatory pause, which is followed by the first beat of the torsades de pointes. 

Infergen (interferon alfacon-1 or consensus interferon) is an engineered interferon recently approved for the treatment of hepatitis C (Table 8.8). The development of infergen entailed initial sequence comparisons between a range of IFN-as. The product s amino acid sequence reflects the most frequently occurring amino acid residue in each corresponding position of these native interferons. A DNA sequence coding for the product was synthesized and inserted into E. coli. The recombinant product accumulates intracellularly as inclusion bodies. 

International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium, "Initial Sequencing and Analysis of the Human Genome," Nature, 409, 860-921, (2001). 

The requirement for NAD+ is to reoxidize the lipoic acid carrier. It is worth mentioning that the pyruvate acetaldehyde conversion we considered at the end of the glycolytic pathway involves the same initial sequence, and pyruvate decarboxylase is another thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzyme. 

The initiation reaction in polymerization is composed of two steps (Eqs. 3-13 and 3-14) as discussed previously. In most polymerizations, the second step (the addition of the primary radical to monomer) is much faster than the first step. The homolysis of the initiator is the rate-determining step in the initiation sequence, and the rate of initiation is then given by... 

Dauzoime and co-workers reported an interesting mechanistic investigation into the reduction of 81, a compound formed through a Michael addition-initiated sequence, similar to those just discussed [i.e., 78 + 79 80) <99CPB156>. Hydrogenation of 81 in the presence... 

The TATA box and/or an initiation sequence are structural elements which define a minimal promoter from which in vitro transcription can be initiated. A classical TATA box is often, though not always, ca. 30bp from the transcription start site. The initiation sequence includes sequences in the immediate vicinity of the transcription start site. The TATA box and initiation sequence are sufficient for the formation of a basal transcription apparatus composed of general initiation factors for transcription and RNA polymerase II (see Fig. 1.31). 

Not every eucaryotic promoters possesses a TATA box. For promoters devoid of a TATA box, the initiation sequence is determining for promoter selection and formation of the pre-initiation complex. 

The mRNA of eucaryotes does not possess specific initiation sequences. Rather, the AUG start codon is identified by scanning the eucaryotic mRNA the 408 subunit of the ribosome threads the 5 non-translated end of the mRNA and uses the first AUG codon encoimtered to initiate translation. Whether a AUG codon is used as an initiator depends, additionally, upon the sequence context. If the sequence environment is unfavorable for initiation, then the scanning is continued and initiation occurs at one of the next AUG. With the help of this leaky scanning" strategy it is possible to produce proteins with different N-termini from the same mRNA. 8ince there are often signal sequences foimd at the N-terminus, this mechanism may lead to alternative com-partmentalization of a protein. 

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