Iniferters applications

Table 1. Classification and Applications of Iniferters with the Dithiocarbamate Group...

Iniferter Structure and Reaction Application to Polymer Synthesis... 

The A-B type iniferters are more useful than the B-B type for the more efficient synthesis of polymers with controlled structure The functionality of the iniferters can be controlled by changing the number of the A-B bond introduced into an iniferter molecule, for example, B-A-B as the bifunctional iniferter. Detailed classification and application of the iniferters having DC groups are summarized in Table 1. In Eqs. (9)—(11), 6 and 7 serve as the monofunctional iniferters, 9 and 10 as the monofunctional polymeric iniferters, and 8 and 11 as the bifunctional iniferters. Tetrafunctional and polyfunctional iniferters and gel-iniferters are used for the synthesis of star polymers, graft copolymers, and multiblock copolymers, respectively (see Sect. 5). When a polymer implying DC moieties in the main chain is used, a multifunctional polymeric iniferter can be prepared (Eqs. 15 and 16), which is further applied to the synthesis of multiblock copolymers. 

Finally, biomedical applications aiming at controlled protein adsorption and cell adhesion on iniferter-driven surface graft architectures, by which a high-throughput screening of biocompatibility can be materialized, are presented. 

Reghunadhan Nair CP, Chaumont P, Clouet G (1994) Application of thermal iniferters in free radical polymerization a new trend in macromolecular design. In Mishra MK (ed), Macromolecular Design Concepts and Practice. Polymer Frontiers International, Hope-well Jet, 11 433... 

N. Luo, J. B. Hutchinson, K. S. Ansefh, C. N. Bowman, Synthesis of a novel methacrylic monomer iniferter and its application in surface photografting on... 

LUO 02b] Luo N.,Hutchison J.B., Anseth K.S. et al, Synthesis of a novel methaciylic monomer iniferter and its application in surface photo grafting on cross linked polymer substrates , Journal of Polymer Science Part A Polymer Chemistry, vol. 40, pp. 1885-1891, 2002. 

Overview of Photoactivated Iniferter-Mediated Polymerization and Its Application to Surfaces... 

Besides the typical syntheses of polymer brushes from flat, low-area substrates, STIMP can be conducted from cellulose membranes, carbon nanotubes, and silica or polymeric beads, which has allowed Sl-lMP to be used for synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) from a variety of supports [76-80]. The use of SI-IMP to fabricate MIPs is particularly advantageous over more common fabrication of MIPs by surface-initiated polymerization from surface-bound conventional initiators because the dithiocarbamyl radicals generated from surface-bound iniferters do not cause polymerization in solution, resulting in improved separation capacity [76-80]. In this section a few examples of fabrication of MIPs synthesized by STIMP from a variety of supports for molecular recognition or separation applications are briefly summarized with a focus on particular advantages enabled by the STIMP method. 

Compared with other modes of polymerization, redox initiation has the advantage of being applicable in aqueous media and at low temperature. Therefore, the probability of side reactions can be minimized. To conduct iniferter polymerization at room temperature, Otsu and Tazaki proposed a redox iniferter system. The system is based on the reaction of nickel (Ni - ) with an organic halide (R X) such as benzyl chloride to form the benzyl radical. 

As stated previously, the iniferter method is not suitable for aU monomers. Therefore, the application of a single mode polymerization technique for the synthesis of block copolymers is severely limited, and suffers from the requirement for care in the order of monomer addition. In order to extend the range of monomers for the synthesis of block copolymers, a mechanistic transformation approach was proposed, by which the polymerization... 

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