Ingles theory

The Ingles theory offers a very good description of the break behavior of silicate glass, since silicate glasses are practically solely energy elastic and the... 

In 1972, Ingles reported his studies of Fenton s reagent using redox titration. He found evidence in support of Kremer s complex mechanism theory and concluded that, when suitable complexes are formed, substrates are not oxidized by free radical rather, electron transfer processes might be... 

The calculation of fluorescence yields for AFS are similar to those for molecular fluorescence (Chapter 5). Ingle and Crouch present an extensive discussion of theory of atomic fluorescence. Given the limited commercial applications of AFS, the theory will not be covered here. It is sufficient to understand that for a resonance transition and low analyte concentration, the fluorescence signal is proportional to the analyte concentration and to the intensity of the source. This assumption is valid for sources that do not alter the population of the analyte states. Intense laser sources can deplete the population of lower-energy states, including the state from which excitation occurs. This condition is called saturation and is discussed under applications of AFS in Section 7.6.3. 

The break behavior of energy-elastic and entropy-elastic bodies is different. According to the break theory of Ingles for energy-elastic bodies, there is a relationship between the critical break stress (an)crit, the stress operating at the top of a crack ai i, the geometry of the crack, and the modulus of elasticity. In the simplest case of a crack of length L with a round tip of radius R, we have... 

The break behavior of any desired elastic body is described by the Griffith theory. According to Griffith, a crack in an elastic body only propagates further when the elastically stored energy just exceeds the energy required to break chemical bonds. Combination of this with the Ingles concept leads to... 

Other scientists in the field [24-28] derived expressions similar to those of Schuster [20] and Kubelka and Munk [21]. Earlier theories developed by Gurevic [29] and Judd [30,31] were shown by Kubelka [22] to be special cases of the K-M theory, while Ingle [32] showed that the formulas derived by Smith [33], Amy [34], and Bruce [35] can be derived from the equations of Kubelka and Munk. 

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