Ingestion, long term consequences

II. Organic conditions Deprivation states Special organic states Immediate consequences of ingestion Long term consequences of ingestion... 

If large quantities of ZnO are accidentally ingested or inhaled, fever, nausea, and irritation of the respiratory tract ensue after several hours. These symptoms rapidly disappear without long-term consequences. 

Current studies on flavonoids are complicated mainly due to the variability in dilFerent molecular stmctures and the lack of data on their bioavailability. Moreover, the experimental methodology to measure in vivo oxidative damage and the objective endpoints remains to be optimized. Advancement and improvement of analytical techniques would allow compilation of more data on absorption and excretion. Furthermore, the current data on long term consequences of chronic flavonoid ingestion are especially limited. In conclusion, in vivo studies conducted so far provides promising insights on the potential application of flavanoids. However, eflforts are still required to further explore the effective role and consequent effects of flavonoids specifically in in vivo studies and clinical trials. 

Now that we are armed with some information on the available levels of common contaminant elements associated with contamination of soils in urban and industrial areas, the levels of elements in plants grown on contaminated soils and the threshold phytotoxic levels for a number of different kinds of plant, it should be possible to do rather better than speculate about the possible long-term consequences of the dispersion of trace elements in the environment. It is already obvious that the ability of plants to restrict their intake of a number of metals, notably copper, lead and mercury, has protected us from serious nutritional problems arising from the marked degree of contamination of soils with these elements which has already occurred within our towns and cities. Unfortunately, this natural barrier does not always protect infant children reared in the urban environment, for some of them directly ingest appreciable quantities of soil in which the levels of these elements are markedly enhanced as a result of contamination. 

The physiological variables included (l) afferent stimulation from olfactory gustatory and somatosensory receptors in the head, (2) both immediate and long-term consequences of ingestion (i.e., sensory and/or metabolic effects), and (3) the interaction of afferent stimulation and postingestive consequences which modify preference and ingestive behavior. 

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