INFRARED IRRADIATION

It was observed that the irradiation with circularly polarized infrared light of the columnar hexagonal phase yields uniform homeotropic ally aligned LC domains. 

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FIGURE 14.53 Measured values of the clear-sky greenhouse effect G [see Eq. (MM)] using measured upwelling infrared irradi-ance at an altitude corresponding to 191 mbar as a function of sea surface temperature (SST) over the central equatorial Pacific for SST > 300 K (adapted from Valero el at., 1997b). 

FIG. 30.—Diagram of dehydration (the loss of mass, fig, as a function of time. At) of potato starch by infrared irradiation (from Ref. 11). 

Absorbed solar irradiation. Absorbed infrared irradiation from surroundings... 

Wetting After adding a drop of a 1 10000 dilution of Catanac, dry in open air with or without an infrared irradiation. 

Recent sterilizer developments have led to the use of dry heat sterilizing tunnels where heat transfer is achieved by infrared irradiation or by forced convection in filtered laminar airflow tunnels. Items to be sterilized are placed on a conveyer belt and pass through a high temperature zone (250-300+ °C) over a period of several minutes. 

Figure 3.58. Absorbance of diarylethene embedded in PMMA films as a function of the angle between the infrared irradiation and the probe beam polarizations. The infrared polarization is either parallel ( ) or perpendicular (A). The normalized absorbance is expressed by the ratio of (Abs — Abs )j(Absm ix — Abs ), where Afonin is the minimum absorbance and Abslu i , corresponds to the maximum absorbance. (From Ref. [223] with permission of Elsevier.)...

Infrared irradiation of Z-43d was carried out using three specific wavelengths (a) a stretching vibration for aromatic rings (1597 cm ),... 

FIGURE 4.10 Effect of CO (a) net infrared irradiance (Wm 2 (cm 1)"1) at the tropopause (b) representation of the strength of the spectral lines of CO2 in the thermal infrared (note the logarithmic scale) (c) change in net irradiance at the tropopause as a result of increasing the CO concentration from its 1980-1990 levels, holding all other parameters fixed (IPCC 1995). 

Darby (Dl) has recently made a photographic study of boiling of water and Freon 113 from a single nucleation site induced by external infrared irradiation. Surprisingly enough, the bubble radius was found to vary closely as both before and after breakoff for all recorded runs. The data for both liquids were correlated by an expression of the form... 

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