Inelastic applications

Powell C J 1994 Inelastic interactions of electrons with surfaces applications to Auger-electron spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Surf. Sc/. 299-300 34... 

Another specialized application of EM image contrast is mass measurement. Using the elastic dark-field image in the STEM or the inelastic image in the EETEM, a direct measurement of the scattering mass can be performed. Eor reviews on this teclmique see [60.61]. 

Finally, several chapters are provided which summarize the applications of shock-compression techniques to the study of material properties, and which illustrate the multidisciplinary nature of shock-wave applications. These applications include the inelastic response of materials, usually resulting from the extreme impact loads produced by colliding bodies, but also resulting from intense radiation loading. 

In this section we will discuss perturbation methods suitable for high-energy electron diffraction. For simplicity, in this section we will be concerned with only periodic structures and a transmission diffraction geometry. In the context of electron diffraction theory, the perturbation method has been extensively used and developed. Applications have been made to take into account the effects of weak beams [44, 45] inelastic scattering [46] higher-order Laue zone diffraction [47] crystal structure determination [48] and crystal structure factors refinement [38, 49]. A formal mathematical expression for the first order partial derivatives of the scattering matrix has been derived by Speer et al. [50], and a formal second order perturbation theory has been developed by Peng [22,34],... 

Fortunately, inelastic X-ray scattering can provide a means of determining semi-empirically g(q) from (q, to) measurements of simple metals. The application of g(q) to x° according to Equation (6) tends to shift x° on the energy loss scale to lower energy losses. 

A number of additives can be incorporated into concrete to create cementitious waterproofing. This type of waterproofing is appropriate only for interior applications because it is inelastic, does not have good crack-spanning ability, and cannot resist hydrostatic pressure. 

Despite the enormous impact that scanning probe methods have had on our understanding of reactions at oxide surfaces, both STM and AFM suffer from the lack of chemical specificity. The application of STM-inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy is a potential solution as it can be used to measure the vibrational spectrum of individual molecules at the surface [69, 70]. 

Although most of the results described in this review are aimed towards an understanding of the electronic structure of the bulk solid, the most widespread applications of XPS exploit its surface sensitivity, as a result of the numerous interactions that an ejected photoelectron undergoes as it travels through the surface layers [2]. The photoelectron collides with other electrons, either elastically so that its trajectory changes, or inelastically so that its KE decreases (by 10-40 eV per collision) [2,19,20]. The distance travelled between inelastic collisions is called the... 

Highly energetic compounds with potential use in explosive devices must be characterized completely and safely, particularly as the explosive character may be linked directly to vibrational modes in the molecular structure, hence the application of computational methods to complement experimental observations. ANTA 5 has been the subject of various studies and, as an adjunct to one of these and to confirm the results of an inelastic neutron scattering experiment, an isolated molecule calculation was carried out using the 6-311G basis set <2005CPL(403)329>. 

Frederiksen T, Paulsson M, Brandbyge M, Jauho A-P (2007) Inelastic transport theory from first principles methodology and application to nanoscale devices. Phys Rev B 75(20) 205413-205422... 

Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (lETS) takes advantage of the general applicability of vibrational spectroscopy by measuring the vibrational spectrum of molecules adsorbed on the insulation of a metal-insulator-metal junction (Figure 1). 

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