Industrial examples antifoulants

The triorganotin species have been used as industrial biocides for over 30 years [117, 118]. Examples are triphenyltin hydroxide (structure 5) for fungal diseases on celery, rice, sugar beets, and coffee tricyclohexylstannyl-1,2,4-triazole (structure 6) as an acaricide for apple, pear, and citrus fruit trees bistributyltin oxide (structure 7) as a wood preservative and tributyltin-methylacrylate monomers (structure 8) polymerized with other acrylates to yield a marine antifoulant polymer that prevents the build of up barnacles, algae, and other marine animals on ships. 

In marine ecosystems, the high copper levels measured in heavily contaminated coastal areas sometimes approach the incipient lethal concentrations for some organisms. Elevated copper concentrations in marine and estuarine environments may result from atmospheric deposition, industrial and municipal wastes, urban runoff, rivers, and shoreline erosion. Chesapeake Bay, for example, receives more than 1800 kg of copper daily from these sources. Copper concentrahons in abiotic marine materials are generally higher near shore than off shore. Copper is elevated in sediments of many marinas, probably from the copper antifouling bottom paints used on boats housed in these marinas. In New Zealand, copper concentrations in contaminated inshore sediments frequently exceed... 

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