Induced artifact

Allen M J, Hud N V, Balooch M, Tench R J, Siekhaus W J and Balhorn R 1992 Tip-radius-induced artifacts in AFM images of protamine-complexed DMA fibers Ultramicroscopy 42-A4 1095... 

The generation of artifacts has also been an intermittent concern. Hayashi et al.59 reported a heat-induced artifact for conversion of Amadori products of the Maillard reaction to V -(carboxymcthyl) lysine that had the potential to affect IHC staining. However, among thousands of articles pertaining to... 

As was mentioned earlier, distillation and subsequent solvent extraction remains popular in the aroma research area Q). In this method for aroma analysis, the Likens-Nickerson apparatus has been a standard for over 20 years (17, 18). The primary limitation of the Likens-Nickerson distillation/ extraction procedure has been its operation at reduced pressure. It is desirable to operate the system under vacuum in order to reduce the sample boiling point to minimize the formation of thermally induced artifacts. The fact that the solvent side of the distillation-extraction apparatus is also under vacuum makes it difficult to retain the solvent in the apparatus. Even modifications of the apparatus to include a dry ice/acetone condenser followed by a liquid nitrogen trap do not permit easy operation under vacuum. Problems arise in that the solvent or aqueous vapors reach the cryogenic traps, thereby eventually blocking the exit of the condenser. The need to minimize exposure of the sample to heat has resulted in the more frequent use of two step procedures. Very often, the sample is simply placed in a flash evaporator, a certain volume of distillate collected and the distillate is solvent extracted via either separatory funnel or a continuous extractor. In this manner, the distillation process and solvent choice are not conflicting processes. 

The light emerging from the sample is recollected by a single CaF, or BaF2 lens and focussed onto the detector. It is essential that as few optical elements as possible are used between the sample and the detector, and that these elements are as free of optical stress as possible, since stress birefringence at this stage may induce artifacts. In addition, reflective optics should be avoided. 

Figure 9.1. Pectenotoxins whose structures have been definitively identified. Key +, reported not reported , possible artifact found only as an acid-induced artifact (see Figure 9.2).

You C. F., Spivack A. J., Gieskes J. M., Martin J. B., and Davisson M. L. (1996) Boron contents and isotopic compositions in pore waters a new approach to determine temperature-induced artifacts geochemical implications. Mar. Geol. 129, 351-361. 

Holder AL, Goth-Goldstein R, Lucas D, Koshland CP (2012) Particle-induced artifacts in the MTT and LDH viability assays. Chem Res Toxicol 25(9) 1885-1892... 

In this part the electronic properties of chemisorbed hydrogen on Gd(OOOl) will be discussed. For the photoemission investigation, smooth Gd(OOOl) films were prepared and subsequently exposed to hydrogen. It was already shown in Sect. 3.1 (Chap. 3) that the Gd smface state exists both on smooth films and multilayer Gd islands. Therefore, multilayer island films were chosen for the STM investigations to provide topographical contrast in order to distinguish between sample states and tip induced artifacts as well as to determine the influence of different island heights. The detailed preparation procedure was already described in Sect. 3.1 (Chap. 3). 

Therefore the shape of the distribution will be variable on the arcmin scale. The degradation of source location accuracy caused by loss of the shadow-gram contours could be reduced by choosing a collimator pitch larger than the mask element. In this case, however, off-axis sources may induce artifacts in the image, the spatial distribution of which depends on the particular mask design chosen. The normalized rms, associated to this systematic noise, increases with both the ratio between the sizes of the collimator ceU and the mask element, and the source offset angle. 

There exists the possibility of inducing artifacts by the surface preparation procedure... 

The advantages are (1) allows in-situ measurement of force debonding (2) allows probing of the interface in the real environment (3) it yields multiple data points and (4) data collection is fast and automated. The disadvantages are (1) the failure mode or locus of failure can not be observed (2) there exists the possibility of inducing artifacts by the surface preparation procedure (3) the assumptions made to calculate the interfacial shear stress may not be valid (4) crushing of fibers is observed very frequently, limiting the variety of fibers to be tested. 

Biotin, a thioether, was detected sensitively without derivalization. In addition, IPAD enables the direct determination of thio-redox couples (i.e., -SH/-S-S-) and numerous other sulfur moieties at a single Au electrode. The high selectivity of FED for thiocompounds under mildly acidic conditions reduces sample preparation and produces simpler chromatograms of complex mixtures. Rgure 10.17 shows the determination of thiocompounds in (A) grapefruit juice, (B) watermelon, and (C) chicken liver. In general, the IPAD waveform gives lowers LODs, more stable baselines, and eliminates oxide-induced artifacts. 

Fitting and Eliminating to the TMS Induced Artifact on the Measured EEG by the Equivalent Circuit Simulation Improved Performance... 

Keywords— Electroencephalography, Equivalent circuits. Function Fitting, Induced artifact, Transcranial magnetic stimulation. 

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