Indicative particles proportion

As can be seen from Table 19.3, the proportion of indicative particles exceeds the proportion of unique particles, even for promptly collected FDR. The higher proportion of indicative particles detected in casework is almost certainly due to particles from nonfirearm sources, particularly single primary element ones, meeting the criteria of the classification scheme. 

Particulate filtration removes suspended liquid or solid materials whose size, shape, and mass allow them to remain airborne at the air velocity conditions present. Filters are available in a range of efficiencies, with higher efficiency indicating removal of a greater proportion of particles and of smaller particles. Moving to medium efficiency pleated filters is advisable to improve lAQ and increase protection for equipment. However, the higher the efficiency of the filter, the more it will increase the pressure drop within the air distribution system and reduce total airflow (unless other adjustments are made to compensate). It is important to select an appropriate filter for the specific application and to make sure that the HVAC system will continue to perform as designed. Filters are rated by different standards which measure different aspects of performance. 

Figure 52 also shows that the actual recovery curve does not decrease below a certain level. This indicates that a certain amount of material is always recovered to the underflow and bypasses classification. If a comparison is made between the minimum recovery level of solids to the liquid that is recovered, they are found to be equal. Therefore it is assumed that a percent of all size fractions reports directly to the underflow as bypassed solids in equal proportion to the liquid split. Then each size fraction of the actual recovery curve is adjusted by an amount equal to the liquid recovery to produce the "corrected recovery" curve shown in Figure 52. As the Djoc point changes from one application to another, the recovery curves shift, along the horizontal axis. In order to determine a single graph which represents the corrected recovery curve, the particle size of each size fraction is divided by the Dj value and a "reduced recovery" curve can be plotted, as shown in Figure 53. Studies reported by Arterburn have shown that this curve remains constant over a wide range of cyclone diameters and operating conditions when applied to a slurry...

According to this approximation, the drift velocity is proportional to the square of the electric field. This is a clear indication of the importance of the electric field inside an electrostatic precipitator. Equation (13.60) is a valid approximation for large particles [dp > 0.5 m), provided that particle charge is close to the saturation level. In the case of small particles, the effect of diffusion charging must be taken into account. 

The effect of flow rate on resolution by Toyopearl HW-55F and Toyopearl HW-55S columns has been studied using a bovine serum albumin sample. Eor both columns, resolution decreased with increasing flow rate (46). Resolution is increased, however, with decreasing particle size (47). Resolution is proportional to the square root of the column length, as theoretically expected, and indicates that longer columns can be packed as well as shorter columns. Therefore, for samples difficult to resolve, the solution may be to increase the column length. 

Once the unit is running well, it is often assumed that the aeration system is sized properly, but changes in the catalyst physical properties and/or catalyst circulation rate may require a different purge rate. It should be noted that aeration rate is directly proportional to catalyst circulation rate. Trends of the E-cat properties can indicate changes in the particle size distribution, which may require changes in the aeration rate. Restriction orifices could be oversized, undersized, or plugged with catalyst, resulting in over-aeration, under-aeration, or no aeration. All these phenomena cause low pressure buildup and low slide valve differential. 

The efficiency of extraction was observed to be inversely proportional to the corn cob particle size. This was expected because the size reduction corresponds to an increase in total particle surface area. An increase in the time of the alkaline extraction and in the NaOH concentration also improves the efficiency of xylan extraction. This happened because when the NaOH concentration was lower, the xylan present in corn cobs could not be fully dissolved in the solution. Thus, it resulted in lower efficiency of xylan extraction. However, when the NaOH concentration was higher than 2 M, the yields decreased with continuously increasing of the NaOH concentration. This is probably due to the alkaline degradation of xylan chains, proceeding at the higher NaOH concentration, which indicated that the ideal NaOH concentration in the extraction was between 1.5 and 1.8 M (Unpublished data). 

Greater size of the silica particles indicates higher extent of poly condensation that has taken place in the inorganic phase. The generation of silica particles is directly proportional to the alkoxysilane concentration and higher concentration of TEOS used for these investigations allows higher extent of... 

The slopes of the calibration curves for the HDC and Fractosil systems are 0.512 and 0.289, respectively. This indicates that the "resolution of the peak separation" for the Fractosil system is superior to that of HDC, since resolution is considered to be inversely proportional to the slope of the log particle diameter - AV calibration curve (26). However when peak spreading is taken into account, the actual relative resolution between particle populations is less for the Fractosil system 2k) a result which indicates that overall, for size distribution resolution, the HDC system is superior. 

Since the parameter y is non-vanishing, the wave packet will disperse with time as indicated by equation (1.28). For a gaussian profile, the absolute value of the wave packet is given by equation (1.31) with y given by (1.43). We note that y is proportional to m, so that as m becomes larger, y becomes smaller. Thus, for heavy particles the wave packet spreads slowly with time. 

The surface potential as function of particle area (AV A isotherm) is another indicator of the quality of the monolayer structure. The surface potential at the air-water interface changes as the film-forming molecules reorient themselves during the compression process. For a closely packed monolayer, the surface potential is directly proportional to the surface dipole moment (/r ) by [13] ... 

In terms of atomic spectrometry, NAA is a method combining excitation by nuclear reaction with delayed de-excitation of the radioactive atoms produced by emission of ionising radiation (fi, y, X-ray). Measurement of delayed particles or radiations from the decay of a radioactive product of a neutron-induced nuclear reaction is known as simple or delayed-gamma NAA, and may be purely instrumental (INAA). The y-ray energies are characteristic of specific indicator radionuclides, and their intensities are proportional to the amounts of the various target nuclides in the sample. NAA can thus... 

Figure 8.29. A particle-ghost displacement-principle governs the relation between structure and CDF. The height of the CDF signal is proportional to the area of contact between the particle and its ghost. A bold arrow in the base plane indicates the meridian (fiber direction)...

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