INDEX 2-amino

Figure C2.5.10. The figure gives tire foldability index ct of 27-mer lattice chains witli sets containing different number of amino acids. The sets are generated according to scheme described in [27], The set of 20 amino acids is taken as a standard sample. Each sequence witli 20 amino acids is optimized to fulfil tire stability gap [5]. The residues in tire standard samples are substituted witli four different sets containing a smaller number of amino acids [27]. The foldability of tliese substitutions is indicated by tire full circles. The open diamonds correspond to tire sequences witli same composition. However, tire amino acids are chosen from tire reduced representation and tire resultant sequence is optimized using tire stability gap [5].

Amino acid Three- letter code One- letter code Mass of residue in. b proteins Accessible surface area, 2 nm Hydrophobicity index ionizable side chain Occurrence in n/ proteins, /o Relative mutabihty... 

Enzymes are excellent catalysts for two reasons great specificity and high turnover rates. With but few exceptions, all reac tions in biological systems are catalyzed by enzymes, and each enzyme usually catalyzes only one reaction. For most of the important enzymes and other proteins, the amino-acid sequences and three-dimensional structures have been determined. When the molecular struc ture of an enzyme is known, a precise molecular weight could be used to state concentration in molar units. However, the amount is usually expressed in terms of catalytic activity because some of the enzyme may be denatured or otherwise inactive. An international unit (lU) of an enzyme is defined as the amount capable of producing one micromole of its reaction product in one minute under its optimal (or some defined) reaction conditions. Specific activity, the activity per unit mass, is an index of enzyme purity. 

Amino acids, carbohydrates and steroids not found below are in Chapter 4 (see also CAS Registry Numbers Index and General Index). 

Figure 12.23 Hydropathy plots for the polypeptide chains L and M of the reaction center of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. A window of 19 amino acids was used with the hydrophohicity scales of Kyte and Doolittle. The hydropathy index is plotted against the tenth amino acid of the window. The positions of the transmembrane helices as found by subsequent x-ray analysis by the group of G. Feher, La Jolla, California, ate indicated by the green regions.

Amino-propyl chains 80% acetonitrile 20% water 1 ml/min Refractive index... 

The smdy of tissue protein breakdown in vivo is difficult, because amino acids released during intracellular breakdown of proteins can be extensively reutilized for protein synthesis within the cell, or the amino acids may be transported to other organs where they enter anabohc pathways. However, actin and myosin are methylated by a posttranslational reaction, forming d-methylliistidine. During intracellular breakdown of actin and myosin, 3-methylhistidine is released and excreted into the urine. The urinary output of the methylated amino acid provides a rehable index of the rate of myofibrillar protein breakdown in the musculature of human subjects. 

Griffiths, H.R, Lunec, J. and Blake, D.R. (1992). Oxygen radical-induced fluorescence in proteins identification of the fluorescent tryptophan metabolite N formyl kynurenine as a biological index of radical damage. Amino Acids 3, 183-194. 

Pig producers mainly try to approach maximal rates of lean tissue deposition and carcass index values by providing diets formulated to meet all of the known requirements. In the growing period, protein accretion increases as the supply of limiting amino acids increases (Heger et al., 2002). The dose-effect ratio can be subdivided into the nutrition-dependent phase, which is substantially linear, and the plateau phase, which is independent of nutrition supply and whose maximum depends on features of the animals, primarily characterised by the genotype (Susenbeth, 2002). 

We have developed a common residue numbering scheme that facilitates comparison of the sequences of different NTs. The numbering scheme is informative of the relative position of each amino acid, the amino acid present at that position, and the actual amino acid number in a particular transporter. Each index number starts with the number of the transmembrane segment (TM), e.g., 1 for TM1, and is followed by a number indicating the position relative to a reference residue that is the most conserved position in that TM. That reference residue is arbitrarily assigned the number 50. For exam-... 

An approach to the calculation of conservation has been proposed on the basis of the polytope-method and the information content (4,6). Briefly, the degree of conservation at each position in the alignment is determined by the number of different amino acids, the probability of finding a particular residue replaced by another, and the frequency of appearance of each type of residue. These factors are integrated to calculate the conservation index (Cl). 

E = fixed internal energy for each proline residue in the protein Ftj = coefficient equal to 0.5 for one to four interactions and equal to 1.0 for one to five and higher interactions i — index denoting the sequence of amino acid residues in the peptide chain... 

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