Independence axiom coupled design

The independence axiom asserts that all FRs and their associated DPs remain independently attached therefore, if you adjust a DP to satisfy an FR, you do this without affecting other FRs. Designs that don t satisfy the independence axiom are called coupled. Designs that do satisfy the independence axiom are called uncoupled or decoupled. 

Time-independent real complexity, when a design is coupled (Independence Axiom violation)... 

Functionally coupled design to make a physical integration Many designers often misunderstand the Independence Axiom by confusing functional independence with physical independence. The physical integration is desirable as long as their functional requirements are independent and uncoupled. 

Kim (2004) illustrated the four causalities of complexity with respect to the design axioms (Fig. 2). Type 1 complexity is a result of heavy coupling of the functional requirements, which is a violation of the independence axiom. Time-independent complexity is a type II complexity and is a result of the information axiom violation. 

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