Indel events

Once the main clades within the Brachytheciaceae had become more or less stabilized, our main goal was to elucidate the position of taxa not included or not well represented in the previous analyses, and also to find additional arguments for generic and subfamilial placement of some particular taxa. Three methods are involved here (1) evaluation of the molecular synapomorphies in POY alignment, i.e., characteristic indel events and substitutions (2) analysis of the secondary structure of the tmL intron and (3) phylogenetic analysis of a reduced dataset from previous analyses, with some additional taxa. 

The genera of Brachytheciaceae are quite diverse with respect to the level of substitution/indel events within the tmL intron (Appendices 6.1 and 6.2). Very few (0 to 3) substitution/indel events are observed in all members of the Homalothecioideae, most members of the Brachythecioideae (with the exception of Sciuro-hypmm and four species closely related to Brachythecium salebrosum, which have a long insertion), as well as basal groups of the Helicodontioideae (Squamidium clade),... 

The first phase of neural development begins when a strip of ectoderm is induced to become nervous tissue by the underlying mesoderm, and comes to an end when neuroblasts complete their last mitosis, an event which marks the birth of a neuron. The extraordinary thing is that all that a neuron will do in its whole life is determined by its birth, and more precisely by the time and by the place of its birth. These two parameters leave an indelible mark in the cell, and somehow therefore they must physically be recorded in a true organic cell memory. 

Insertion/deletion and substitution of secondary structural elements (Figure 18.4A). Insertions/deletions and substitutions are the most common events in protein evolution. Together they may lead to potentially significant changes in protein structures. Typically InDels are short (one to five residues), although longer InDels that occur at the periphery of the structure do not apparently affect its fold. However, consecutive InDels may cause substitutions of secondary structural elements (a-helix... 

Polymorphisms are related to the insertion, deletion, and substitution of one or more nucleotides in a DNA strand (Bell, 2002 Bentley, 2000), events that can occur during the duplication process of these strands. Two important and common types of polymorphism are the so called SNP - Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, which is related to only one nucleotide, and the InDels, when there are insertions and deletions of more than one nucleotide. 

---