In ternary system

In ternary systems, we distinguish between two common types. In type II, two binaries are partially miscible and the third binary is completely miscible in type I, only one binary is partially miscible. (A third type, where all three binaries are only partially miscible, is relatively rare and not considered here.)... 

In block copolymers [8, 30], long segments of different homopolymers are covalently bonded to each otlier. A large part of syntliesized compounds are di-block copolymers, which consist only of two blocks, one of monomers A and one of monomers B. Tri- and multi-block assemblies of two types of homopolymer segments can be prepared. Systems witli tliree types of blocks are also of interest, since in ternary systems the mechanical properties and tire material functionality may be tuned separately. 

FIG. 1 Self-assembled structures in amphiphilic systems micellar structures (a) and (b) exist in aqueous solution as well as in ternary oil/water/amphiphile mixtures. In the latter case, they are swollen by the oil on the hydrophobic (tail) side. Monolayers (c) separate water from oil domains in ternary systems. Lipids in water tend to form bilayers (d) rather than micelles, since their hydrophobic block (two chains) is so compact and bulky, compared to the head group, that they cannot easily pack into a sphere [4]. At small concentrations, bilayers often close up to form vesicles (e). Some surfactants also form cyhndrical (wormlike) micelles (not shown). 

It was shown some time ago that one can also use a similar thermodynamic approach to explain and/or predict the composition dependence of the potential of electrodes in ternary systems [22-25], This followed from the development of the analysis methodology for the determination of the stability windows of electrolyte phases in ternary systems [26]. In these cases, one uses isothermal sections of ternary phase diagrams, the so-called Gibbs triangles, upon which to plot compositions. In ternary systems, the Gibbs Phase Rule tells us... 

IX. Liquid-Liquid Equilibria in Ternary Systems Containing One Supercritical... 

L termination, 62-63 Lewis fugacity rule, 144-145 Liquid-liquid equilibria in binary systems, 184-190 in ternary systems, 194-203 phase diagram, 196-202... 

Fig. 1. Chalcogenide halides in ternary systems having the components the Group IB elements Cu, Ag, and Au, the chalcogens S, Se, and Te, and the halogens Cl, Br, and I, They are indicated as M , Y, and X ", respectively. (Redrawn from A. Rabenau, H. Rau, and G. Rosenstein, J. Less-Common Metals 21, 395 (1970), Fig. 4, p. 401.)...

Reinders, W. and De Minjer, C. H. (1947) Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 66, 573. Vapour-liquid equilibria in ternary systems VI. The system water-acetone-chloroform. 

In ternary systems, amorphous hard clusters can be formed. As explained above, at certain fraction of hard units and a certain conversion of functional groups, percolation threshold of the hard structure is reached. It has been found experimentally by analyzing the ultimate behavior of three- and four-component... 

Laves phases occurring in ternary systems, the binary subsystems of which contain no Laves phases, generally pertain to the hexagonal MgZn2-type structure. 

In the inter-alkali alloys, eutectic equilibria have been observed in a number of systems very low melting points have been determined for instance in the Rb-Na system (L (Rb) + (Na), at 82.5 at.% Rb and —4.5°C) and even lower melting temperatures have been observed in ternary systems. Binary sodium-potassium alloys, liquid at room temperature (at 25°C in a composition range of about 15-70 at.% Na, about 7-57 mass% Na), have a good thermal conductivity and a wide temperature range where they are liquid they may be used in heat-exchange systems. Their extremely high chemical reactivity must of course be taken into account. 

Many different types of phase behaviour are encountered in ternary systems that consist of water and two solid solutes. For example, the system KNO3—NaNC>3— H20 which does not form hydrates or combine chemically at 323 K is shown in Figure 15.6, which is taken from Mullin 3 . Point A represents the solubility of KNO3 in water at 323 K (46.2 kg/100 kg solution), C the solubility of NaN(>3 (53.2 kg/100 kg solution), AB is the composition of saturated ternary solutions in equilibrium with solid KNO3 and BC... 

THE.7.1. Prigogine, Sur les phenomenes critiques de dissolution dans les systemes temaires (On the critical phenomena of solution in ternary systems). Bull Soc. Chim. Belg. 52, 115—123 (1943). 

SOLUBILITIES IN TERNARY SYSTEMS 2.8.1 Ternary Phase Diagrams... 

In ternary systems of relevance to solvent extraction these may be two (partly) immiscible solvents and one (solid) solute, or two (solid) solutes and a single solvent. The latter system may constitute a partial system of quaternary or higher mixtures that involve two liquid phases, which are solvent extraction systems. In principle, however, a system of two solid solutes and a liquid solvent could split into two liquid phases, one rich in the one solute, the second in the other. In general, when one solute crystallizes out from a ternary (two solutes... 

K. J. Ruschak and C.A. Miller Spontaneous Emulsification in Ternary Systems with Mass Transfer. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 11, 534 (1972). 

Figure 5.57 Mixing properties in ternary system NaAlSi308-KAlSi308-CaAl2Si20g at Aotai - h20 - 1 kbar and various T, based on data from Seek (1971).

Diffusive dissolution in ternary systems analysis with applications to... 

Movements in the plane of the interface result from local variations of interfacial tension during the course of mass transfer. These variations may be produced by local variations of any quantity which affects the interfacial tension. Interfaeial motions have been ascribed to variations in interfacial concentration (H6, P6, S33), temperature (A9, P6), and electrical properties (AlO, B19). In ternary systems, variations in concentration are the major factor causing interfacial motion in partially miscible binary systems, interfacial temperature variations due to heat of solution effects are usually the cause. 

Bourrel M, Chambu C (1983) The Rules for Achieving High Solubilization of Brine and OU by AmphiphUic Molecules. Soc Petrol Eng J 23 327-338 Kunieda H, Shinoda K (1985) Evaluation of the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) of nonionic surfactants I. Multisurfactant systems. J Colloid Interface Sci 107 107-121 Kahlweit M, Strey R, Eirman P (1986) Search for tricritical points in ternary systems Water-oil-nonionic amphiphile. J Phys Chem 90 671... 

Fontell K, Khan A, Lindstrom B, Maciejewska D, Puangngern S (1991) Phase-Equilibria and Structures in Ternary-Systems of a Cationic Surfactant (C16tabr or (C16ta)2so4), Alcohol, and Water. Colloid Polym Sci 269 727-742 Israelachvili JN, Mitchell DJ, Ninham BW (1977) Theory of Self-Assembly of Lipid Bilayers and Vesicles. Biochim Biophys Acta 470 185-201... 

In addition to the experimental results of phase equilibria, the correlation with the widely known GE models was assigned to. It was indicated by many authors that SLE, LLE, and VLE data of ILs can be correlated by Wilson, NRTL, or UNIQUAC models [52,54,64,79,91-101,106,112,131,134]. For the LLE experimental data, the NRTL model is very convenient, especially for the SLE/LLE correlation with the same binary parameters of nonrandom two-liquid equation for mixtures of two components. For the binary systems with alcohols the UNIQUAC equation is more adequate [131]. For simplicity, the IL is treated as a single neutral component in these calculations. The results may be used for prediction in ternary systems or for interpolation purposes. In many systems it is difficult to obtain experimentally the equilibrium curve at very low solubilities of the IL in the solvent. Because this solubility is on the level of mole fraction 10 or 10 , sometimes only... 

Figure 2.15 Illustration of center-of-gravity mle for determining compositions in ternary system.

Polymer transport in ternary systems including an analysis of the cross diffusion coefficients and component distribution within the systems. 

Polymer Transport in Ternary Systems 3.1 Basic Theoretical Considerations... 

On the basis of the aforementioned considerations, Peppas et al. carried out an evaluation of the interaction parameters which are operative in ternary systems consisting of water, protein (BSA, y-Ig and FGN), and polymers (PMMA, PE, PVC, PS, PVA, PVDF, PDMS and PEO). Their results are cited, with some simplification, in Tables 3, 4 and 5. 

---