In snowpack

Rainfall samples collected in the Great Lakes area of Canada in 1976 and 1977 contained mean concentrations of 1-2 ng/L (parts per trillion) a-endosulfan and 4—5 ng/L P-endosulfan. Endosulfan was detected in spring and summer rainfall samples but not in samples collected during the fall and winter (Strachan et al. 1980). a-Endosulfan has also been detected in snowpack samples obtained from widely distributed sites in the Canadian Arctic. Endosulfan concentrations in samples collected in the spring of 1986 ranged from 0.1 to 1.34 ng/L (Gregor and Gummer 1989). 

Seasonally, the melting of small glaciers and ice sheets on land provides fresh water for streams, rivers, and lakes. Over the winter, falling snow and precipitation build up in snowpacks in the mountains. When warm weather arrives in spring, both the snow and ice melt and feed local water systems. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, as much as 75 percent of the freshwater supply in the... 

Erickson, T. A. Development and Application of Geostatistical Methods to Modeling Spatial Variation in Snowpack Properties, Front Range, Colorado. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 2004. 

Adsorption. The concentration of adsorbed species in snow is determined by snow SSA, temperature and by the partial pressure of the species in snowpack interstitial air. Thus, the reduction in SSA usually observed during metamorphism will lead to the emissions of adsorbed species. Adsorbed species are also readily available for dark and light-induced chemical reactions. ... 

Arellano L, Fernandez P, Tatosova J, Stuchlik E, Grimalt JO (2011) Long-range transported atmospheric pollutants in snowpacks accumulated at different altitudes in the Tatra Mountains (Slovakia). Environ Sci Technol 45 9268... 

The world s water supply is found in the five parts of the hydrologic cycle (Figure 11.1). About 97% of Earth s water is found in the oceans. Another fraction is present as water vapor in the atmosphere (clouds). Some water is contained in the solid state as ice and snow in snowpacks, glaciers, and the polar ice caps. Surface... 

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