In insomnia

Strogatz S. H., Kronauer R. E., Czeisler C. A. (1987). Circadian pacemaker interferes with sleep onset at specific times each day role in insomnia. Am. J. Physiol 253(1), R172-8. 

Salin-Pascual R. J., Valencia-Flores M., Campos R. M., Castano A., Shiromani P. J. (2006). Caffeine challenge in insomnia patients after total sleep deprivation. Sleep Med. 7, 141-5. 

Currently the safety and efficacy of 20 is being evaluated in a Phase II study. The program is focused on the evaluation of the sleep induction and maintenance in insomnia patients but also will attempt to demonstrate orexin antagonists effects on improved sleep and side effect profiles compared to current GABAa receptor modulators. 

Buspar containing buspirone is indicated in short-term anxiety. Diazepam, Stilnoct containing zolpidem, Heminevrin containing clomethiazole, and Phenergan containing promethazine are all indicated in insomnia. 

The posterior, lateral and medial hypothalamus is a continuation of, and is closely related to, the ascending activating reticular system (Passouant, 1967). Clinical evidence in man shows that lesions of the posterior hypothalamus produce sleepiness. Moreover, depending on the exact site as well as the extent of the lesion, hypersomnia, coma or changes in the circadian rhythmicity of sleep results (Parkes, 1985). Conversely, lesions of the anterior hypothalamus results in insomnia (von Economo, 1930). 

Although one study of long-term BZD hypnotic use found no increase in insomnia after abrupt discontinuation of a variety of BZDs, a withdrawal syndrome consisting of inability to fall asleep and disruption of sleep may occur ( 126, 327, 343). Time of onset may vary according to the drug s rate of elimination (244). 

---