In cell growth and differentiation

Figure 13.24 Six subfamilies of receptor tyrosine kinases involved in cell growth and differentiation. Only one or two members of each subfamily are indicated. Note that the tyrosine kinase domain is interrupted by a "kinase insert region" in some of the subfamilies. The functional significance of the cysteine-rich and immunoglobulin-like domains is unknown.

PKC isozymes are involved in a wide array of diverse cellular functions [5]. Most isozymes (e.g., PKC (3) are involved in proliferative responses, and hyperactivation with phorbol esters most typically results in cell growth and differentiation. However, isozymes can have opposing functions. PKC 8 is well-characterized as an apoptotic kinase, whereas the closely related PKC e is antiapoptotic. PKC also plays a key role in learning and memory. 

Of course, the critical importance of Ras and most other small G proteins in cell growth and differentiation is highlighted by the consideration, stated above, that several forms of these proteins are proto-oncogenes (see also... 

GTPs and EGCG in particular are able to activate a pathway for cell differentiation in normal human epidermal keritinocytes (NHEKs). In contrast to tumor cells, NHEKs undergo accelerated differentiation when exposed to EGCG, which is associated with induction of p57/KIP2, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor involved in cell growth and differentiation [1,15]. 

Quantitative determination of proteins is often needed to determine their concentrations and changes in cell growth and differentiation processes or in enzyme purification procedures. 

Freidman DL (1976) Role of cyclic nucleotides in cell growth and differentiation. Physiol Rev 56 652-708... 

Volume 27 The Role of Membranes in Cell Growth and Differentiation... 

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