In breadmaking

Milk and Milk Replacers. White pan bread was long made with about 3—4% nonfat dry milk (NEDM) in the United States, for reasons of enhanced nutrition, increased dough absorption, improved cmst color, fermentation buffering, and better flavor. Eor some years, however, sharply increased milk prices have led to a decline in its use in breadmaking. Many bakers have turned to the use of milk replacers to control the costs of their products, and these ingredients are now commonly utilized. Milk replacers were designed to dupHcate some of the functions and nutrition of milk. These blends may contain soy flour or cereals, with whey, buttermilk soHds, sodium or calcium caseinate, or NEDM. Milk replacers or NEDM used in bread dough amount to about 1—2%, based on flour. 

Eggs. Eggs are not used much in breadmaking, except for specialty egg breads. Egg whites are occasionally used on the surface of hard roUs to impart a crispy cmst. Yeast-leavened sweet doughs or danish doughs often contain egg, up to 20%, based on flour, to achieve richness and to influence color and flavor. Some bakery foods, eg, sweet goods, croissants, and puff pastry, are often washed with egg wash (a mixture of egg and water or milk)... 

Solubility and viscosity explains the basic physicochemical nature and the functional behavior of proteins in aqueous solutions. Proteins contribute to the adhesive or cohesive properties of film matrices by the binding of their polypeptides to other components such as starch granules to yield shaped products that, for example, are necessary for trapping gases in breadmaking. 

Cereals in Breadmaking A Molecular Colloidal Approach, Ann- Charlotte Eliasson and Kare Larsson... 

Eliasson A-C, Larsson K. Cereals in Breadmaking. New York, NY Marcel Dekker 1993. 

Structure of Wheat Gluten in Relation to Functionality in Breadmaking... 

S. Onata and co-workers. Application of Enzymatic Modification of Phospholipids in Breadmaking, Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem. 69th Annual Meeting. 

In 1886 the use of malted barley flour was mentioned for use in breadmaking. The enzymes in the malt converted starch into sugars which could serve as yeast substrate during fermentation. Almost 50 years later, the use of a purified enzyme (lipoxygenase) was described for bleaching the cmmb of bread. Since then enzyme usage has become widespread in food applications. 

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